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HARVARD UNIVERSITY e Library of the
Museum of
Comparative Zoology
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HAR VAR D (COLD EGE Vous LXXixX Now?
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF AN EXPEDITION TO RAIN FOREST REGIONS IN EASTERN AFRICA
I
NEW REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM EAST AFRICA
By ARTHUR LOVERIDGE
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S. A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM Fepruary, 1935
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No. 1.— Scientific Results of an Expedition to Rain Forest Regions in Eastern Africa
I
New Reptiles and Amphibians from East Africa By ArtHuur LOVERIDGE
During 1933 and 1934, as a fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, I was given the opportunity of investigating on behalf of the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, the herpetological fauna of certain remnants of rain forest in East Africa. It is proposed to pub- lish a series of reports dealing with the material which was collected incidental to the investigation. Certain of the specimens, however, were recognized in the field as being undescribed forms, two others were subsequently differentiated; it appears advisable to publish descriptions of these without further delay.
Full information as to altitudes, and other data concerning the type localities, will be published later in the Introduction to the reports. In the report dealing with Herpetology, more precise notes will be furnished as to the habitat, food, etc., of these new species.
Fortunately with only three exceptions, adequate series were obtained of all the new things described below. The actual numbers taken or utilized in the descriptions, together with the type localities, are as follows:
28 Testudo pardalis babcocki subsp. nov. Mount Debasien, Karamoja, Uganda. 1 Typhlops kaimosae sp. nov. Kaimosi, Kakamega, Nyanza Province, K. C. 62 Natrix olwacea uluguruensis subsp. nov. Nyange, Uluguru Mtns., T. T. 1 Natrix olivacea pembana subsp. nov. Pemba Island, Tanganyika Territory. 4 Coronella semiornata fuscorosea subsp. nov. foot of Mt. Mbololo, K. C. 6 Aparallactus turnert sp. nov. Sokoki Forest, near Malindi, K. C. 19 Agama agama kaimosae subsp. nov. near Kaimosi, Kakamega, K. C. 20 Riopa tanae sp. nov. Kau, near the mouth of the Tana River, K. C. 11 Riopa mabuiiformis sp. nov. Ngatana on the Tana River, K. C. 44 Acontias percivali sp. nov. foot of Mount Mbololo, Taita, K. C. 52 Chamaeleon bitaeniatus altaeelgonis subsp. nov. Kaburomi, 10,500 feet, Mt. Elgon, Uganda. 30 Boulengerula taitanus sp. nov. Mt. Mbololo at 4,800 feet, K. C. 3 Arthroleptides dutoiti sp. nov. Koitobos River, Mount Elgon, K. C. 75 Hyperolius milnei sp. nov. Witu, Coast Province, Kenya Colony.
The last is named in appreciation of the generous hospitality of Mr. R. D. Milne, who was not only my host but assisted me in hunting frogs during the five days which I spent near Witu.
4 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
The Arthroleptides is named after its discoverer, Dr. A. C. du Toit of Cape Town University, who visited the eastern slopes of the moun- tain when I was on the western. The occurrence on Mount Elgon of a member of this hitherto monotypic genus is of extraordinary interest and significance.
TESTUDO PARDALIS BABCOCKI subsp. nov.
Type. Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy, No. 40,003. An adult 9 from the western slopes of Mount Debasien, Karamoja, Uganda at 5,500 feet, collected by Arthur Loveridge, November 23, 1933.
Paratypes. Thirteen specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy from the following localities: Kenya Colony: Guaso Nyiro River; Meru River; Ithanga Hills; Wema, Tana River; Mount Mbololo, Taita. Tanganyika Territory: Arusha; Saranda; Pwaga; Tukuyu. South Africa: three without definite locality.
Fourteen specimens in the British Museum (N.H.) from the fol- lowing localities: Sudan: Bahr el Gebel. Uganda: Mount Elgon between 9,000 and 10,000 feet. Kenya Colony: Ndogo, Lake Baringo. Tanganyika Territory: Mgana; “East Central Africa (Speke coll.).” Mashonaland: Mount Darwin. Bechuanaland: Magalapsi. South Africa: Algoa Bay; and five without definite locality.
Diagnosis. The southeast and east African Leopard Tortoise has long been confused with the typical form which was described by Bell as from ‘“‘Promont. Bonae Spei.’’ Fortunately Bell gave the length and depth of the type which places it within the range of the low- shelled form inhabiting southwest Africa. What was probably the type specimen, (which should be in the Zoélogical Museum, Cambridge, England,) was beautifully figured by Sowerby and Lear (1872, Tor- toises, Terrapins, and Turtles, p. 3, pls. ix and x). Seven examples of the typical form and twenty-eight of the new form have been utilized in assessing the ranges of variation of the two forms.
Carapace high, the greatest height of shell being in-
cluded in its greatest length from 1.61 to 2.07 times.
(South, East and Central Africa to the Bahr el Gebel) . T. p. babcockt
Carapace low, the greatest height of shell being in-
cluded in the greatest length from 2.02 to 2.62 times.
(Southwest Africa Protectorate and probably Cape
Peninsula, as type locality is given as Cape of Good
Hope) oo. .8.0. 28s Ste eg T. p. pardalis
LOVERIDGE: NEW AFRICAN REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 5
It should perhaps be mentioned that only 2 of the 28 examples of the new form are shallower than 1.94 times. Both of these are British Museum measurements based on an adult (453 mm.) from Ndogo, Lake Baringo, Kenya Colony (2.00 times), and a juvenile (54 mm.) from Mgana, Tanganyika Territory (2.07 times); this last locality I have failed to locate on the maps available.
The average of height into length is 1.81 for the 28 examples of the new form as against 2.18 times for 7 specimens referred to typical pardalis. As, however, 4 of the latter are British Museum material with only ‘South Africa’? for data they are somewhat arbitrarily assumed to be of the typical race.
Remarks. Ten years ago when I first saw two examples (adult of 302 mm., and young of 55 mm. long) of the Leopard Tortoise from Kolmanskop and Aroab in the Southwest Protectorate I was struck by the low vaulted shell as compared with that of the reptile with which I was familiar in East Africa. They form a parallel to Kinixys belliana of the savannah and the depressed K. spekii of the more arid districts. -
Through the exceeding kindness of Mr. H. W. Parker, who has furnished me with detailed measurements and other particulars of all the Leopard Tortoises in the British Museum, I have become con- vinced that the high-vaulted type merits subspecific distinction and in designating it I am glad to associate the name of my friend Dr. Harold L. Babcock, author of ‘The Turtles of New England” and Curator of Reptiles in the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History.
TYPHLOPS KAIMOSAE sp. nov.
Type. Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, No. 40,060 from Kaimosi Forest, near Friends’ Africa Mission, Kakamega district, Nyanza Province, Kenya Colony, collected by Arthur Loveridge, March 7, 1934.
Diagnosis. Differs from T. p. punctatus and all other East African members of the genus Typhlops in possessing an ocular which is broadly in contact with the nasal shield below the preocular, thus separating the latter shield from the upper labials; no subocular as is present in 7. p. gierrat.
Differs from 7’. praeocularis Stejneger of Leopoldville, Belgian Congo in the possession of 28 (instead of 24-26) midbody scale-rows; diameter of body being included in total length 43 (instead of 67) times; rounded snout (instead of with sharp cutting edge); habit; coloration.
6 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
Description. Snout prominent, rounded, without obtuse horizontal keel; nostrils inferior; rostral large, more than half the width of head, extending almost to the level of the eyes, which are distinguishable; nasal semidivided, the suture extending from the first labial to the nostril; preocular present, narrower than the nasal, not more than half as broad as the ocular which is in contact with the nasal below the preocular so as to broadly separate the preocular from the labials; ocular in contact with the third and fourth labials; four upper labials. Diameter of body 43 times in the total length; tail broader than long, ending in a spine. Midbody scale-rows 28.
Coloration. Above, uniformly black. Below, scarcely lighter than above except around the mouth and anus.
Measurements. Total length 215 mm.; head and body 211 mm.; tail 4 mm.; diameter at midbody 5 mm.
NATRIX OLIVACEA and its races
In 1925, and again in 1928, I drew attention to the fact that for the past forty years the common and widely-distributed Olive Water Snake was believed to possess invariably 19 longitudinal scale-rows at midbody. It is true that Fischer (1884, Jahr. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 1, p. 6) recorded an individual with 17 scale-rows from Masailand. Boulenger (1893, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., 1, p. 227), possibly thinking it a case of misidentification, omitted this record from his synonymy so that it has passed into oblivion.
In the forested mountains of the Usambara, Uluguru and Rungwe there occurs a race with 17 scale-rows at midbody. Of sixty-three snakes collected by me in these mountains, no less than 89% possessed 17 scale-rows, the rest 18 or 19 except for one with 16. When reporting on some of these in 1928, Dr. Barbour and I refrained from describing this race until the opportunity occurred for securing an adequate series of the typical form (which was described from Tete, Mozam- bique) from the coast and savannah regions round about.
That opportunity occurred during my visit to East Africa last year, and I have been able now to assemble 94 specimens of the typical form, or their data, from all parts of the range. Omitting Fischer’s record, as Masailand was a vague term applied to the country over . which the Masai roamed and embracing several mountains, in all these 94 snakes only one (M. C. Z. 30,074 from Albertville, Belgian Congo) had 17 scale-rows while three from the Tana River had 18 (though these displayed 19 slightly in advance of mathematical
LOVERIDGE: NEW AFRICAN REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS fi
midbody). I propose, therefore, to designate the smaller montane form with 17 scale-rows as Natrix olivacea uluguruensis.
On the single example of the Olive Water Snake known from Pemba Island, however, there are only 15 seale-rows. As several mainland reptiles have distinctive races or representatives occurring on Pemba, I depart from my usual practice and designate this msular race Natrix olivacca pembana on the basis of a single specimen. It should be remembered that Pemba, unlike Zanzibar, is separated. from the mainland by a channel of exceptional depth—400 fathoms; eight times the depth of the channel between Zanzibar and the adjacent coast.
The three forms of the Olive Water Snakes may be defined as fol- lows:
Midbody seales usually in 19 longitudinal rows
(17 rows in only 1 specimen of 94 examined).
Mropicalsand: South Agnniea yn. 2a, «og tak.o 2 hese o. olivacea
Midbody seales usually in 17 longitudinal rows (19
rows In only 7 specimens of 63 examined).
Uluguru, Usambara and Rungwe Mtns., Tanganyika. 0. wluguruensis
Midbody scales in 15 longitudinal rows (only the type
Specimenkuown.) Eembadsland. 22.02). 00... ws oes o. pembana
NATRIX OLIVACEA ULUGURUENSIS subsp. nov.
Natriz olivaceus (part) Barbour & Loveridge, 1928, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 50, p. 109; (part) Loveridge, 1933, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 74, p. 231.
Type. Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy, No. 23,117. An adult 9 from Nyange, Uluguru Mountains, Tanganyika Territory, collected by Arthur Loveridge, October 8, 1926.
Paratypes. Sixty-one specimens from various localities in the Uluguru, Usambara and Rungwe Mountains as listed in the citations given above.
Description. Scales in 19 rows on nape immediately behind head, 17 rows at midbody, 17 rows at anus; ventrals 136; anal divided; subcaudals 74; labials 8, 4th and 5th entering the orbit; preocular 1; postoculars 3; temporals 1 + 2.
Measurements. Total length 350 (250 + 100) mm.
Remarks. This montane race attains smaller dimensions and lays fewer eggs than the typical form of the lowlands. See citations for further details.
8 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
NATRIX OLIVACEA PEMBANA subsp. nov.
Natriz olivacea (part) Loveridge, 1925, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, p. 71.
Holotype. Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, No. 19,112. A 9 from Chakechake, Pemba Island, Tanganyika Territory, collected by Salimu bin Asmani, October 6, 1923.
Description. Seales in 17 rows on nape, 15 rows at midbody, 15 rows at anus; ventrals 127; anal divided; subcaudals 56; labials 8, 4th and 5th entering the orbit; preoculars 2; postoculars 3; temporals 1+ 2.
Measurements. Total length 288 (210 + 78) mm.
Remarks. This snake is discussed in detail in the citation given above.
CORONELLA SEMIORNATA FUSCOROSEA subsp. nov.
Type. Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, No. 40,555. An adult o from the lower slopes of Mount Mbololo, Taita, Coast Province, Kenya Colony, collected by Arthur Loveridge, April 25, 1934.
Paratypes. Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, Nos. 40,556-7, being two females with the same data as the type. No. 40,554, a juvenile from near the station at Tsavo, Coast Province, Kenya Colony.
Diagnosis. The following key emphasizes the distinguishing charac- ters of the new form.
Labials 8, 4th and 5th entering the orbit’; preoculars
1, very rarely 2; olive or plumbeous above, white below
usually each ventral scale so heavily edged with black
as to present a plumbeous appearance.............. s. semiornata
Labials 9, 5th and 6th entering the orbit; preoculars 2,
rarely 1; bright brownish pink above, clear pink below. .s. fuscorosea
Description. Snout not prominent, rostral much broader than deep; internasals as long as the prefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than deep (adults) or as long as deep (young); preoculars 2 (1 on left side of head in Nos. 40,554-5) the upper in contact with (or separated from) the frontal; postoculars 2; temporals 2+ 2 (2 + 3 on left side of head in No. 40,554); upper labials 9, the 5th and 6th entering the orbit; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
1This was the case in C. scheffleri Sternfeld from Kibwezi, which is a synonym of C. s. semi- ornata for they agree in all respects. A topotype of scheffleri (M.C.Z. 40,553), however, has 9 upper labials, 5th and 6th entering the orbit on the left side of the head only, 2 preoculars on theright. Thisis the only intermediate in a very large series, or records, of semiornata examined.
LOVERIDGE: NEW AFRICAN REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 9
which are as long (or longer) than the ill-developed posterior pair. Midbody scales in 21 rows; ventrals 181 (183-198 in paratypes) ; anal divided; subcaudals 96 (82-92 in paratypes).
Coloration. Above, uniformly bright brownish pink except for an ill defined dusky bar from the 5th and 6th labials across the frontal, a distinct one from the 8th and 9th labials across the parietals, and a well-defined, though shorter, one on the nape at a distance of 6 (or 5) scale-rows behind the parietals. Below, uniformly pink.
The paratype young one exhibits 64 faint bars or paired spots along the back.
Measurements. Type o&. Head and body 472 mm., tail 186 mm. Paratype 2 (M.C.Z. 40,556). Head and body 500 mm., tail 150 mm.
APARALLACTUS TURNERI sp. nov.
Type. Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, No. 30,117. A o from Sokoki Forest, near Malindi, Coast Province, Kenya Colony, col- lected by H. J. Allen Turner, Esq., in June, 1932.
Paratypes. Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Nos. 40,120-4 being five snakes from Peccatoni; Mkonumbi; and near Witu. All these localities being in Coast Province, north of the Tana River, south of Lamu Island and near the coast. Collected by Arthur Loveridge, May 24, 28, and 31, 1934 respectively.
Diagnosis. Very closely related to A. werneri Boulenger of the Usambara and Uluguru Mountains, Tanganyika Territory. It may be readily distinguished from that species by the fewer ventrals (120-139 as against 141-163 in wernert, the latter figures being based on scale counts of fifty specimens from seven localities, forty-three of the snakes are topotypes), different coloration, much smaller size (202 mm. maximum as against 354 mm. maximum).
Description. Diameter of eye greater than its distance from the oral margin; rostral twice as broad as deep, the portion visible from above not more than one-third its distance from the frontal; inter- nasals much shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once and a half as long as broad, much longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; nasal entire, in contact with the preocular; a single (a pair in all paratypes) postocular in contact with the anterior temporal; temporals 1 + 1; 6 upper labials, second and third entering the orbit; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial (barely in contact in No. 40,124); two pairs of chin shields, the anterior broader and a little longer and in contact with three lower
10 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
labials. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 129 (120-139 in paratypes); anal entire; subcaudals 42 (31-37 in paratypes).
Coloration in alcohol. Above, head and nape black except for white blotches, one anterior, one posterior, to the eye, the second blotch larger and extending upwards on to the anterior temporal; also a narrow white color just posterior to the parietals so separating the black of the head from the black of the nape (in all paratypes there are vestigial indications of a second light color immediately posterior to the black of the nape); back uniformly pallid, slightly pinkish, brown with the edges of each scale darker (in all paratypes there is a fine, hair-like, black line along the vertebral row of scales to the end of the tail). Below, uniformly white except for a slight encroachment of the black nape patch in two downward-pointing patches.
Measurements. Type o&. Head and body 140 mm., tail 35 mm. Largest specimen (M.C.Z. 40,120) also a co”, head and body 167 mm., tail 35 mm.
AGAMA AGAMA KAIMOSAE subsp. noy.
Type. Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, No. 40,136. A o from rocky heights three miles west of the Friends’ Africa Mission Station at Kaimosi, Kakamega, Kenya Colony, collected by Arthur Loveridge, March 2, 1934.
Paratypes. Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Nos. 40,137-40,150 and four unnumbered duplicates, being seven males and eleven females taken at the same locality as the type on March 2-9, 1934.
Diagnosis. Most nearly related to A. a caudospina Meek with a cotype of which it has been compared. It agrees with that race in the greatly depressed body and numerous other characters, but differs in the less developed spinosity of the tail and its bright pink color (yellow in caudospina) as well as in general coloration.
Midbody scale-rows 86 (range in paratype males 76-86, with an average of 81; in females 78-88, with an average of 83); preanal pores 11 (range 10-13, with an average of 11 for the eight males).
Coloration in life. &. Above, snout and crown of head brown overlying red; nape, back and two-thirds of upper arm, reddish buff with grey vermiculations; rest of arm and whole of hind limbs a bril- liant, somewhat metallic, purplish blue; tail bright pink. Below, edge of jaws grayish white; throat dull red with purplish-mauve tones overlying gray vermiculations; breast pinkish purple; abdomen dull purple overlaid with brown; whole of undersurface of limbs bright
LOVERIDGE: NEW AFRICAN REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 11
purplish blue; palms of hands as well as soles of feet and digits, grayish white; tail bright pink.
Q. Above, gray with irregular sepia brown markings along the vertebral line; plumbeous on limbs and sides. Below, throat grayish- white with gray vermiculations; limbs grayish-white except base of hind legs which are mustard yellow, as are the abdomen and underside of tail.
Measurements. Type co. Head and body 144 mm., tail 211 mm. Largest perfect paratype 2 . Head and body 113 mm., tail 152 mm. The largest o' and 2 measure 148 and 133 mm. respectively in length from snout to anus but the tails of both specimens are truncated as is the case with more than half of the series.
RIoPA TANAE sp. nov.
Type. Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, No. 40,251. An adult @ from Kau, near the mouth of the Tana River, Coast Province, Kenya Colony, collected by Arthur Loveridge, June 4, 1934.
Paratypes. Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, Nos. 40,252-9 and six others all with the same data as the type; No. 40,261 from near Witu, just north of Kau; Nos. 40,262-3 from Golbanti, Tana River above Kau; Nos. 40,264-5 from Ngatana, Tana River above Golbanti.
Diagnosis. A very slender, attenuated species with small, penta- dactyle limbs, the hind limb being included from 314 (young) to 6 (adult) times in the distance between the axilla and groin. A pair of supranasals form a suture separating the rostral from the frontonasal, nostril in a single nasal which forms a horizontal suture with the supranasal. Midbody scales smooth, in 22 to 24 rows.
Description. Snout but slightly depressed, not wedge-shaped as in sundevallii from the same region. Nostril in a single nasal which is separated from its fellow by a pair of supranasals; frontonasal broader than long; prefrontals present, widely separated; frontal as long (slightly longer and slightly shorter in some paratypes) as the fronto- parietals and interparietal together, in contact with the Ist and 2nd supraoculars; parietals in contact behind the interparietal and each bordered along its posterior edge by 2 (left), 3 (right) or 4 (some paratypes) large scales; supraoculars 4; supraciliaries 8 (usually 7, rarely 6); loreals 2; preoculars 2; lower eyelid with a large, undivided opaque disk; upper labials 7 (8 in No. 40,253), 5th largest and below the eye (6th in No. 40,253 and on one side only in two others); ear- opening small, round, no larger than the nostril. Limbs very short,
1 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
pentadactyle, the adpressed anterior limb just reaching the ear (in adult and young); the length of the posterior limb is contained 6 times (314 in young, the proportion varying regularly with age) in the dis- tance between the axilla and groin. Fingers short, the 3rd a trifle longer than the 4th; toes short, the 4th a trifle longer than the 3rd (equal to, or shorter than, in some paratypes), the 5th extending as far forward as the 2nd, further than the Ist; 10 (or 9) lamellae beneath the 4th toe. Scales smooth, in 22 (or 24) rows; preanals 3, slightly enlarged.
Coloration in alcohol. Above, uniformly plumbeus, upper labials flecked with lighter; between the head and fore limb frequently several scales with light flecks (in life these were pale green and so arranged as to give the impression of vertical barring on the neck; only adult skinks, and not all of these, possess this barring). Below, throat and lower labials white heavily spotted with dark brown; belly grayish white but each scale with a dark spot; tail almost plum- beus as a result of the increase in size of these spots. (In some para- types the spots on the belly and tail are arranged along the lateral edges of the scales so as to produce the appearance of 8 longitudinal lines along the underside from hind chin to anus).
Measurements. Type 9. Head and body 89 mm., tail 58 mm., hind limb 11 mm., fourth toe 3 mm.
1 RIOPA MABUIIFORMIS sp. nov.
Type. Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, No. 40,266. An adult from Ngatana, Tana River, Coast Province, Kenya Colony, col- lected by Arthur Loveridge, June 14, 1934.
Paratypes. Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Nos. 40,267-71 and five others with same data as type but collected June 14-19, 1934.
Diagnosis. A very large Mabuia-like species with well developed pentadactyle limbs, the hind limb being included from 2 (young) to 3 (adult) times in the distance between the axilla and groin. A pair of supranasals form a suture separating the rostral from the fronto- nasal, nostril so large as to nearly divide the single nasal shield, latter forming a horizontal suture with the supranasal. Midbody scales smooth, in 28 to 30 rows. Color of adults and young different.
Description. Snout neither depressed nor wedge-shaped. Nostril in a single nasal which is separated from its fellow by a pair of supra- nasals; frontonasal broader than long; prefrontals present, widely
1 Note. This species differs from Riopa as defined by Boulenger in that the frontal is decidedly broader than the supraocular region.
LOVERIDGE: NEW AFRICAN REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 1B
separated; frontal dectdedly broader than the supraocular region, as long as the frontoparietals and interparietal together, in contact with the lst and 2nd supraoculars; parietals in contact behind the inter- parietal and each bordered along its posterior edge by 3 or 4 large scales; supraoculars 4 (5 on one side of No. 40,268 by subdivision) ; supraciliaries 8 (7 in seven paratypes); loreals 2; preoculars 2; lower eyelid with a large, opaque disk; upper labials 7, 5th largest and below the eye; ear-opening large with two small rounded lobules on its anterior border. Limbs well developed, pentadactyle, the adpressed anterior limb reaching well beyond the ear (in adult and young); the length of the posterior limb is contained 3 times (2 in young) in the distance between axilla and groin. Fingers long, the 3rd a trifle longer than the 4th; toes moderately long, the 4th longer than the 3rd by a claw length (in whole series), the 5th extending as far forward as the 3rd, much further than the Ist; 16 (or 15) lamellae beneath the 4th toe. Scales smooth, in 30 (or 28) rows; preanals with a median pair slightly enlarged.
Coloration in life. & and @ adults. Above, uniformly plumbeous but on closer inspection each scale is seen to be lighter at its base, the light area tends to increase in size towards the tail so that the scales on the tail are light centered with dark edges; both upper and lower labials white, each barred with brown or black posteriorly; scales on the sides white, heavily edged with black on their posterior border. Below, uniformly white.
Young. Above, black, crown of head mottled with pale brown, occipital scale conspicuously white with dark centre; a vertebral stripe of pale brown, one scale in width, commences behind occipital scale and continues on to base of tail where it disappears, the vertebral stripe is flanked on either side by a dorso-lateral stripe of same color but two scales in width and commencing at the last supraocular; limbs uniformly black; tail transparent red, each scale edged with brown. Below, pure white, the internal organs visible through the scales; tail clear coral pink.
Measurements. Type o& and 9. Head and body 95 and 91 mm., tail 141 and 121 mm., hind limb 22 and 20 mm., fourth toe 65 and 64 mm.
ACONTIAS PERCIVALI sp. nov.
Acontias meleagris Loveridge (not of Linné), 1923, Proc. Zod]. Soc. London, p. 964.
Type. Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy, No. 40,174. An adult 9
14 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
(largest of forty) from the foot of Mount Mbololo, Taita Mountains, Kenya Colony, collected by Arthur Loveridge, April 26, 1934.
Paratypes. Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy, Nos. 40,175-40,200 being thirty-eight specimens with the same data as the type. Also Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Nos. 31,079-31,080 and three skinks in the Coryndon Memorial Museum, Nairobi, collected at Voi near Mount Mbololo, by A. Blayney Percival in 1914.
Diagnosis. Only separable from meleagris (Linné) of South Africa by its shorter tail and coloration. According to Boulenger (1887, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., 3, p. 427) the tail of meleagris is ‘not more than one fifth of the total,’ it is included 6.1 to 6.3 times in the total length in examples from the Transvaal and Orange River Colony in the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy. In forty examples of percivali it ranges from 8.4 to 10 times (average exactly 9). In alcohol percivali has a very broad dorsal band of deep black while below it is pure white; there is no dark spot on each scale resulting in a lineolate or gray appearance as in meleagris.
It is important to note that the key character used by Boulenger to separate meleagris and plumbeus of Mozambique is inconstant though the two species are very distinct. In percivali about 25 specimens have the first supraocular larger than the second and third together, in 13 specimens it is equal to, in 3 possibly smaller. In the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy examples of plumbeus the first supraocular is as large as, or smaller than, the other two; in our meleagris it is as large as, or much larger than, the other two.
The range of meleagris is separated by 1,500 miles from that of percivali.
Description. Head conical; snout obtuse, projecting; ear hidden; rostral enormous, covering the greater part of the snout; mental enormous, its posterior border reaching to below the eye; frontonasal hardly half as long as the rostral, much shorter than the frontal, which is broader than long; supraoculars 3, the first much larger than the two others together (equal to the two others occasionally); supra- ciliaries 4 (on right) or 3 (on left); interparietal much narrower than the frontal, longer than broad (sometimes as broad as long), narrower than the parietals (rarely as broad as); no labials enter the orbit. Midbody scale-rows 18 (16, 17 or 18 in paratypes, average for forty- two skinks 17.5) those of the two median dorsal rows transversely enlarged. A single, very large preanal plate. Limbs absent. Length of tail included 9.6 times in total length (8.4 to 10 times in paratypes).
Coloration in life. Both adults and young are glossy black above
LOVERIDGE: NEW AFRICAN REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 15
except when about to shed the epidermis. At such times they are bluish gray above, a delicate pink below. Normally the young are reddish orange below, this shade sometimes persisting until they are two-thirds grown. Adults are pale chrome below; very occasionally an individual will be found with a brown centre to each lower scale resulting in the production of a faintly lineolate appearance. For coloration in alcohol see diagnosis above. Measurements. Type 2. Head and body 234 mm., tail 27 mm.
CHAMAELEON BITAENIATUS ALTAEELGONIS subsp. nov.
Type. Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy, No. 40,274. An adult from Kaburomi, 10,500 feet, on the western slopes of Mount Elgon, Uganda, collected by Arthur Loveridge, December 28, 1933.
Paratypes. Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy, Nos. 40,275-40,300, being twenty one males and thirty females with the same data as the type.
Diagnosis. Most closely related to C. b. héhneli, from which it is distinguished only by its smaller size. See remarks below.
Measurements. Type o&. Head and body 78 mm., tail 73 mm. M.C.Z. 40,275, Paratype 2. Head and body 75 mm., tail 73 mm.
Remarks. Waburomi lies in the tree heath (Erica arborea) zone immediately below the alpine zone of Mount Elgon. On reaching it, I was immediately struck by the small size and different coloring of the chameleons as compared with those with which I was familiar at Sipi (circa 6,500 feet) and of which I had a good series, collected during the three weeks stay at Sipi.
Almost all our specimens from both places were adult and breeding. A tabulation of their measurements by sexes immediately shows that at Kaburomi these chameleons attain to about three-quarters the size which they do at lower levels.
Largest of 22 males from Kaburomi 151 mm. Largest of 22 males from Sipi 199 mm. Largest of 30 females from Kaburomi 148 mm. Largest of 30 females from Sipi 190 mm.
The explanation is doubtless to be found in the relative scarcity of insect life. at the higher altitude coupled with the fewer hours for feeding. For we observed at 10,500 feet it was so cold that reptiles remained lethargic or sluggish until about 11 a.m. by which time the sun had dispersed the mist and warmed the atmosphere. The difference
16 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
in coloring was attributable to the altered character of the vegetation and different tones of color resulting therefrom.
Woosnam (in Boulenger, 1909, Trans. Zod]. Soc. London, 19, p. 245) noted a similar difference between the chameleons at 6,000 and 10,000 feet on Mount Ruwenzori. Speciation had gone further in this instance and Boulenger gave the upper zone form a name. It is now known as C.b. rudis, but is very different from the Elgon races. Parker (1932, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zoél., 38, pp. 227-9) refers the upper zone form from Mount Kenya at 14,000 feet to C. b. schubotzi Stern- feld, discusses the derivations of some of the races of bitaeniatus and figures them.
BoULENGERULA TAITANUS sp. nov.
Type. Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, No. 20,001. An adult from the absolute summit, 4,800 feet, of Mount Mbololo, Taita Mountains, Coast Province, Kenya Colony, collected by Arthur Loveridge, April 14, 1934.
Paratypes. Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy, Nos. 20,002—20,024, being twenty nine caecilians with the same data as the type except that they were taken from 4,000 feet to 4,800 feet and between April 14 and 24, 1934.
Diagnosis. In its large size and coloration resembling a Scoleco- morphus and totally unlike Boulengerula with which, however, it agrees in structural characters, possessing two rows of teeth in the lower jaw and a lateral tentacle situated above, and about midway along, the upper jaw.
Intermediate in number of annuli between B. uluguruensis Barbour & Loveridge and B. changamwensis Loveridge, agreeing with the former in the number of annuli but differing in that the tentacle is slightly nearer to the nostril than to the corner of the mouth, in ulugwruensis this position is reversed. B. taitanus differs from changamwensis both in number of annuli and in position of the tentacle. It differs from both in size and coloration. The young, however, agree in color.
Description. Habit moderate, vermiform. Snout obtusely pointed, projecting far beyond the lower jaw; eye indistinguishable; tentacle round, exsertile, with indications of a circular groove surrounding it, situated rather nearer to the nostril than to the corner of the mouth; 26 or 28 teeth round the upper jaw; 146 annuli (136-148 in the para- type series), these annuli are interrupted in the middle dorsal line except on the nape and posteriorly.
LOVERIDGE: NEW AFRICAN REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 17
Coloration in life. Type &. Above, glossy black, each annular ring blue gray except along the vertebral line. Below, blue gray blotched with brown, except for the throat which is uniformly pink; the cir- cumanal area is pale blue gray.
Very young specimens are flesh pink like adults of changamwensis. Immediately after being chloroformed they turn gray above, but remain pink below.
Coloration in alcohol. Type &. Generally plumbeous but the gray blue and pink areas become white.
Measurements. Type o. Total length 355 mm., midbody diameter 7 mm. Paratypes. Total lengths 73-360 mm., midbody diameters 1.8-7 mm. Diameters included in total lengths from 40.5 to 53.3 times.
ARTHROLEPTIDES DUTOITI sp. nov.
Type. Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, No. 19,864. An adult, gravid 2 from the Koitobos (Koitobross) River, eastern slopes of Mount Elgon, Kenya Colony at about 7,200 feet, collected by Dr. A. C. du Toit, January 8, 1934.
Paratypes. No. 150 of du Toit collection. An adult o and young specimen with the same history as the type.
Diagnosis. This very distinct little frog may be readily distinguished from the only other member of this hitherto monotypic genus as follows:
Toes half-webbed; buccal margin scarcely flattened, the
orbits projecting beyond it when viewed from above.
Color below, light violet brown slightly or moderately
flecked with white. Adult 9 3lmm.................. dutorti
Toes with only a rudiment of web at their base; buccal
margin strongly flattened, extending well beyond the
orbits when viewed from above. Color below, white, at
most the throat violet brown in males. Adult 92 59
BARERV SAY CLP ose Ah Ey Gol ah he, ae VSP at is Reece A age martienssent
Description. Vomerine teeth absent. Head slightly broader than long; snout subacuminate, not depressed as in martiensseni; canthus rostralis sharply defined; loreal region concave; nostril equidistant between end of snout and anterior border of orbit; tympanum distinct, not quite two-thirds the diameter of the eye; interorbital space about equal to the width of an upper eyelid. Tips of fingers and toes strongly dilated, the disks having a median groove; digits without web; toes
18 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
half-webbed the membrane extending as a narrow fringe to the disk of the Ist, 2nd and 5th toes on their inner margin, almost to the disk on the 3rd, the disk and two distal joints of the 4th toe free of web; the tibio-tarsal articulation of the adpressed hind limb reaches slightly beyond the tip of the snout (well beyond in the &).
Skin above rugose (corrugated and distinctly warty in the <) pitted. In martiensseni the skin is smooth, how far preservation may have accentuated these differences it is difficult to say.
Coloration in alcohol. (After formalin preservation in the field). Above, uniformly black except for the digital expansions which are more or less white-edged. Below and posterior aspect of thighs, light violet brown slightly flecked with white in the type, rather more abundantly flecked and mottled in the paratypes.
Young Measurements. 2 Type of Paratype Paratype Length from snout to anus 31 mm. 25 mm. 10.5 mm. Breadth of head 12.5 mm. 10.5 mm. 4.5 mm. Length of head 10.5 mm. 9 mm. 4 mm. Length of hind limb 59 mm. 50 mm. 15.5 mm. Length of fourth toe 13.5 mm. 11.5 mm. 3.5 mm.
HYPEROLIUS MILNEI sp. noy.
Type. Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy, No. 20,025. A gravid 2 from Witu, Coast Province, Kenya Colony, collected by Arthur Loveridge, May 31, 1934.
Paratypes. Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, Nos. 20,026—20,050 being seventy-four frogs with the same data as the type. Nos. 20,051-2 from Golbanti, Tana River and No. 20,053 from Malindi, all near the coast in Coast Province, Kenya Colony.
Description. A small species of stouter build than its allies of the parkeri-usaramoae group. Snout obtusely acuminate (not sharply pointed); distance from the end of the snout to the nostril equal to two-thirds the distance from nostril to anterior border of the eye; distance from the end of the snout to the anterior border of the eye longer than the orbital diameter; tympanum hidden. Fingers one- third webbed; Ist, 2nd, 3rd and 5th toes are webbed to the disk (or practically to the disk) on their inner aspect, on the 4th toe the disk and last two phalanges are free of web. The tibiotarsal articulation of the adpressed hind limb reaches to the eye (in females, to the nostril in only one female) or to the nostril (in males, very occasionally falls
LOVERIDGE: NEW AFRICAN REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 19
short). Skin smooth above, granular on the belly, no strong fold across the chest. Males with a large subgular vocal sack and strongly granular disk.
Coloration in alcohol. Above, white, a dusky line from end of snout through nostril to orbit, a black spot on upper eyelid, half-a-dozen scattered, irregularly disposed, black spots on anterior portion of back (maximum number of spots about 20 in Malindi paratype; these spots are entirely absent in many paratypes, principally males), a similar spot on knee and elbow (often absent); in addition there are numerous, minute, reddish-brown flecks on top of head, back, fore arm and tibia; thighs colorless. Below, transparently white, internal organs visible through the skin.
Coloration in life. Above, an unusual shade of cabbage green, a black canthal line through nostril to orbit, a number of irregularly disposed, black spots on head and back in addition to numerous reddish-brown flecks on top of head, back, fore arm and tibia; thighs colorless; a broad, but indistinct, subdermal band of palest yellow from eye to flank present in males but not observed in females; fingers and toes orange. Below, semi-transparent, throat greenish in 2, the eggs and internal organs showing distinctly, intestines imparting a greenish tinge to the sides; throat and breast pure white in o witha certain amount of green or greenish blue periphally.
2 of Measurements M.C.Z. 20,025 M.C.Z. 20,026 Length from snout to anus 20 mm. 21.5 mm. Breadth of head 7 mm. 7.25 mm. Length of head 7mm. 7.25 mm. Length of hind limb 30 mm. 31 mm.
Length of fourth toe . 6 mm. 6.5 mm.
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy AT HARVARD COLLEGE
Vol. LXXIX, No. 2
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF AN EXPEDITION TO RAIN FOREST REGIONS IN EASTERN AFRICA
II
CRUSTACEA
By Mary J. RatHspun
Wits Two Puiates
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S. A.
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No. 2. — Scientific Results of an Expedition to Rain Forest Regions in Eastern Africa
II Crustacea
By Mary J. RaTHBUN
The expedition produced two new species of Potamon, both of the Geothelphusa type. Also a specimen of Palaemon delagoae Stebbing previously known only from the type locality at the southern end of Portuguese East Africa.
BRACHYURA POTAMONIDAE
PoraMon (GEOTHELPHUSA) HARVARDI spec. nov. Plate 1
Type o& (M.C. Z. 8241) Sipi, W. Mt. Elgon, Uganda, 6000 ft. 18. XII. 33. _ Figured o (M. C. Z. 8242), same data. 19°69 (M.C.Z. 8243), do. 10 12 ovigerous (M.C.Z. 8240) Kaburomi, Mt. Elgon, Uganda. 28.XII. 33. 340° 289 6 juv. (M.C.Z. 8244, 8245) Kaimosi, Kakamega, Kenya Colony. 10-15. I1.34.
This species belongs to the group of P. (G.) granviki Colosi' and P. (G.) antheus Colosi?. Carapace covered with coarse punctae. Antero-lateral margin narrowly but smoothly indicated; postero- lateral margin roughened with short, oblique rugae. Carapace deeply furrowed about the cardiac and posterior mesogastric region; a deep sulcus runs from the posterior cardiac region along the posterior margin of the branchial region. Cervical groove shallow, incomplete, ending forward in a row of coarse punctae directed toward the post- orbital pit. Epigastric lobes prominent and widely separated; tip of
11924, Arkiv fOr Zoologi, Stockholm, 16 (1) p. 16, text fig. 11, pl. 1, fig. 5.
21920, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed. Anat. comp., 35, p. 35; 1924, Arkiv for Zoologi, Stockholm, 16 (1), p. 17, text fig. 12.
24 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
mesogastric region roof-shaped. A faint, blunt ridge behind and adjacent to the orbit; a deep, narrow groove between the ridge and the orbital rim; the ridge fades out just beyond the outer angle of the orbit; in the triangle thus formed there is a well marked pit (pl. 1, fig. 4). The front, measured across the middle of its depth is 14 as wide as the carapace; its margin is broadly shallow at middle and its sides are distinctly oblique. Chelae similar to those of granviki (fig. 11e) but narrower and more elongate. Merus of outer maxillipeds broader than long, the outer anterior angle prominently rounded. Groove on ischium nearest inner margin, very distinct but short. Anterior end of sternum akin to that of antheus!; space in front of groove 5 times as wide as long, not counting the narrow point between maxillipeds. Groove at base of chelipeds longer than in granviki, about 14% times as long as the distance from the groove to the median line; in antheus the groove extends across the sternum. Distal end of sixth segment of male abdomen 114 times as long, proximal end twice as wide as long.
Measurements.
Length of carapace of male 30 mm. Width of carapace 42.8
Width of front below 13.3
Width of front above 16
Length of major propodus of cheliped 46 Length of major palm at middle 30 Width of major palm at highest point 19 Length of minor propodus 33.2
Length of minor palm at middle 18.7 Width of minor palm at highest point 11.
PoTAMON (GEOTHELPHUSA) PERPARVUS Rathbun
Potamon (Geothelphusa) perparvus Rathbun, 1921, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 43, p. 425, pl. xxvii, fig. 2; pl. xxx; text fig. 12: Stanleyville, Belgian Congo.
19 29 (1 with yotng) (M.C.Z. 8239) Kaimosi, Kakamega, Kenya Colony. 10-15.11.34.
11920, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed. Anat. comp., 35, p. 35; 1924, Arkiv f6r Zoologi, Stockholm, 16 (1), p. 17, text fig. 12
RATHBUN: AFRICAN CRABS
bo Or
PoTaMon (GEOTHELPHUSA) AMALERENSIS spec. nov. Plate 2
5c 5@ 1 juv. (M.C.Z. 8237 holotype, 8238) Amaler River, Mt. Debasien, Uganda. 5000 ft. [X.33.
Near P. (G.) berardi. Carapace wider. Epigastric lobes oblique, separated feebly from the postorbital ridge which is sinuous, being more advanced behind the inner half of the orbital rim; the ridge unites with the lateral border of carapace at an obtuse angle; it is serrate at the outer end and is continued downward and inward with a round turn to the outer margin of the orbit. Frontal margin divided into two shallow lobes, sides oblique. Lateral margin of carapace finely serrate. Mesogastric region with anterior end roof-shaped; behind this region two deep triangular depressions; short deep furrows either side of cardiac region converge slightly backward. Sides of carapace with rows of short oblique striae. Chelipeds of male unequal, minor palm about 74 as high as major; the major manus is stout, convex below; its fingers gape narrowly and bear uneven teeth. Merus of outer maxilliped similar to that of berard?.
Measurements.
Length of carapace of male holotype 17.4 mm. Width of carapace 25.5
Length of carapace of female 20.5
Width of carapace 31.
PoTaMON (GEOTHELPHUSA) BERARDI (Audouin)
Thelphusa berardi Audouin, 1826, Expl. Somm. Plates by Savigny, in Desc. de l’Egypte. Hist. Nat., 1, pt. 4, p. 82 (pl. 2, fig. 6 of Savigny).
Potamon (Geothelphusa) berardi, Rathbun, 1905, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 7, p. 203; 6, pl. xvii, fig. 3 and 10, and synonymy.
267 179 (M.C.Z. 8235) Butandiga, Mt. Elgon, Uganda. 8.1.34. 40% 429 (13 ovig.) (M.C.Z. 8236), Elgonyi, Mt. Elgon, Kenya Colony. 7000 ft. 25.1.34.
PotaMon (ACANTHOTHELPHUSA) NILOoTICUS (Milne Edwards)
Thelpheusa nilotica H. Milne Edwards, 1837, Hist. Nat. Crust., 2, p. 12: The Nile.
26 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
Potamon (Parathelphusa) niloticus Rathbun, 1905, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 7, p. 263, pl. xu, fig. 15.
Potamon (Acanthothelphusa) niloticus Rathbun, 1933, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Cambridge, 75, p. 258 and synonymy.
19 ovig. (M.C.Z. 8234) Kaimosi, Kenya Colony. III.34.
PoTaAMoN (POTAMONAUTES) DIDIERI Rathbun
Potamon (Potamonautes) didieri Rathbun, 1905, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat.; Paris, 7, p. 170; 6, pl. xiv, fig. 9: Belgian Congo.
4919 2 juv. (M.C.Z. 8226) Butandiga, Mt. Elgon, Uganda. 8.1.34. 30°52 (M.C.Z. 8227) Elgonyi, Mt. Elgon, Kenya Colony. 7000 ft. 25.1.34.
PoraMon (PoTAMONAUTES) HILGENDORFI (Pfeffer)
Telphusa suprasulcata Hilgendorf, 1898, Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, 4, p. 8, pl., fig. 5-5d: On the way to Kilimanjaro.
Potamon (Potamonautes) hilgendorfi Rathbun, 1933, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Cambridge, 75, p. 256 and synonymy.
20’ (M.C.Z. 8228) Mt. Mbololo, Taita, Kenya Colony. IV.34. 1 juv. (M.C.Z. 8229) Amaler River, Mt. Debasien, Uganda. 5000 ft. BXe33:
PotTaMoNn (PoTAMONAUTES) BOTTEGOI de Man
Potamon (Potamonautes) botiegoi de Man, 1898, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) 19, p. 262 [3], pl. iii; Rathbun, 1933, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodél., Cambridge, 75, p. 258.
19 (M.C.Z. 8230) Amaler River, Mt. Debasien, Uganda. 5000 ft. XI.33. 1 (M.C.Z. 8231) Mombosasa, near Witu, Kenya Colony. V.34.
30° 39 (M.C.Z. 8232) Voi, Kenya Colony. 7.1V.34.
19 (M.C.Z. 8233) opposite Kilindini, Kenya Colony. 6.VII.34.
OCYPODIDAE
OcypopE KUHL de Haan
Ocypode (Ocypode) kuhlii de Haan, 1835, Fauna Japon., Crust., Dec. 2, p. 58. Ocypode kuhlii, Rathbun, 1933, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., 75, p. 260, pl. vii.
1 (M.C.Z. 8248) Lamu Island, Kenya Colony. 7—12.1V.34. 1 (U.S.N.M.) Kitau, Manda Island, Kenya Colony. V.34. 27? (M.C.Z. 8249) Malindi, Kenya Colony. VI.34.
bo ~
RATHBUN: AFRICAN CRABS
Uca rnverSA (Hoffmann) IV,
Gelasimus inversus Hoffman, 1874, Crust. Echinod. Madagasc., p. 19, pl. 12:
fig. 23-26; De Man, 1891, Notes Leyden Mus., 18, p. 44. pl. iv, fig. 1 (M.C.Z. 8251) Gongoni, Kenya Colony. 27.1V.34.
GECARCINIDAE
CARDISOMA CARNIFEX (Herbst)
Cancer carnifex Herbst, 1796, Naturg. Krabben und Krebse, 2, p. 163, pl. xli,
fig. 1: ‘“Trankenbar.”’ Cardisoma carnifex, Latreille, 1825, Encycl. Méthod., 10, p. 685.
15° 22 (M.C.Z. 8252) Kitau, Manda Island. V.34.
ANOMURA COENOBITIDAE CoENOBITA RUGOSUS Milne Edwards
Cenobita rugosa Milne Edwards, 1837, Hist. Nat. Crust., 2, p. 241: Indian
Ocean. Coenobita rugosus, Alcock, 1905, Catal. Indian Dec. Crust., Part Il. Anomura,
Fasc. 1. Pagurides, p. 143, pl. xiv, fig. 3, 3a, and synonymy. 19° 192 (M.C.Z. 8254) Opposite Kilindini. 6.VII.34.
COENOBITA RUGOSUS var. JOUSSEAUMI Bouvier
Coenobita rugosa var. jousseaumi Bouvier, 1890, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris (8) 2, p. 146: Aden. 1¢ (M.C.Z. 8253) Lamu, Lamu Island, Kenya Colony. V.34.
Macrura PALAEMONIDAE MAcROBRACHIUM PATSA (Coutiére)
Palaemon (Parapalaemon) patsa Coutiére, 1899, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, p. 383: Madagascar. 1901, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zodl., 12, p. 284, pl. 11, fig. XX-XXil.
19 (M.C.Z. 8255) Tsavo, Kenya Colony. 2-4. IV.34.
28 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
PALAEMON (PARAPALAEMON) DOLICHODACTYLUS Hilgendorf
Palaemon (s.s.) dolichodactylus Hilgendorf, 1878, Monatsb. d. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 840, pl. iv, fig. 18: Mozambique.
29 (M.C.Z. 8256) Ngatana, Tana River, Kenya Colony. VI.34.
PALAEMON DELAGOAE Stebbing Text figures 1 and 2
Palaemon delagoae Stebbing, 1912, Ann. South Afr. Mus., 15, p. 74 pl., 80: Delagoa Bay, Portuguese East Africa.
192 (M.C.Z. 8257) Ngatana, Tana River, Kenya Colony. VI.34.
(@ ddaaaneasanreareses eas
oY ae eS
Palaemon delagoae
Fig. 1. Carapace and appendages (cheliped lacking), lateral view, x 2.
Fig. 2. Three segments of abdomen and appendages, dorsal view, x 2.
The specimen is soft shell and lacks chelipeds. It is larger than the type, the carapace measuring 43 mm. long and telson 14.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
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ANTM a Le Pac
PLATE 1
RATHBUN — Crabs
Fig. Fig. Fig.
Fig. Fig. Fig.
ep
PLATE 1
Potamon (Geothelphusa) harvardi & type
Dorsal view, nat. size.
Ventral view, showing chelae, nat. size.
Frontal view, showing front, eyes and anterior end of maxillipeds, x 1%.
Ventral view, showing front part of sternum, x 2.
Ventral view, for abdomen, x 1%.
Ventral view of smaller specimen, co (M.C.Z. 8242) nat. size.
BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. RatHBun. Arrican Crass. Ptate 1
ae
ih SY, Mas u
RatTHBUN —Crabs
Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3.
Fig. 4. Fig. 5.
PLATE 2
Potamon (Geothelphusa) amalerensis & holotype
Dorsal view x 114.
Ventral view, showing chelipeds, x 1/4.
Frontal view for eyes, groove behind eyes and anterior end of maxilli- peds, x 2.
Ventral view for front part of sternum, x 3.
Ventra! view for abdomen, x 2.
BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. RatHBun. AFRICAN CRABS. PLaTe 2
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vorb xx Ps Now 3
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF AN EXPEDITION TO RAIN FOREST REGIONS IN EASTERN AFRICA
JOBE
By Guiover M. ALLEN AND BARBARA LAWRENCE
WITH FIELD NOTES BY ARTHUR LOVERIDGE
Wits Five Puates
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S. A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM
JANUARY, 1936
¢ t
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No. 3.— Reports on the Scientific Results of an Expedition to Rain Forest Regions in Eastern Africa
Ill Mammals
By Giover M. ALLEN AND BarBAaRA LAWRENCE WITH FIELD NOTES BY ARTHUR LOVERIDGE
CONTENTS
Page
lunimaoulyenOle, oh dan obit oe Ob omer Joy SC yt as Sar a aA RS 31
PPR GIL RDCCIOS COMECLEG «bc am sree ee Fees o Shetate, ew eee mse ae 34
PLES GIG GISCIISSION «ALM e ahs 4, a see nits oo ok AR Guha eoeet me ieee ee ae 39
LEVY) DGYCG Rr a) O87 A pol Be se ee OR Pr PC Ree 126 INTRODUCTION
The collection dealt with in this report, was made by Mr. Arthur Loveridge while investigating distributional problems associated with rain forest areas in Uganda and Kenya. The enquiry was carried out on behalf of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy with a fellow- ship granted by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation of New York.
The authors have collaborated in the identification and taxonomic work recorded under the headings of Distribution, Discussion and Coloration. The field notes contributed by the collector, are listed in the first person singular under Measurements, Breeding, Diet, Enemies, Habits, Folklore, Native names, ete.
Altitudes, and other information regarding the localities in which collecting was carried on, will be found in the final paper of this series of reports, which will treat of the whole vertebrate terrestrial fauna of Mounts Debasien and Elgon in relation to that of the Usambara Mountains in Tanganyika Territory.
The period of collecting mammals was from November 9, 1933, to June 30, 1934, during which time 1,024 skins and skulls representing 133 species or races of mammals were secured. Of these 64 forms were new to the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy. A special feature of the collection was the topotypes, frequently in
32 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
series, of 36 species apart from many others which were almost topo- typic. It has been found necessary to describe only one bat and a pouched rat as new, namely
Nycteris nana tristis subsp. nov. 2 from Kaimosi, Kenya Colony. Saccostomus cricetulus sp. nov. &| @ from Greeki River, Uganda.
Attention, however, may be directed to such rarities as Petrodomus s. sangi, Nycteris aurita, Rhinolophus f. exsul, Perodicticus p. tbeanus, Cercopithecus neglectus, Cercecebus g. galeritus, Colobus b. rufomitratus, Zelotomys h. vinaceus, Atherurus turneri, Dendrohyrax a. bettona and many others of which good series were obtained.
When measurements are given serially they are always in the following order: — (1) length from snout to anus; (2) length of the tail without terminal hairs; (3) length of hind foot without claws; (4) length of ear from tip to notch. In the case of bats a fifth measure- ment is added: (5) length of wing from axilla to tip. All dimensions are in millimetres, and it is those of the largest male and largest female of the series which are supplied.
We take this opportunity of expressing our thanks to Mr. Gerritt S. Miller Jr., and Dr. Remington Kellogg for loaning material from the National Collection, and Mr. J. K. Doutt of the Carnegie Museum; Mons. L. Chopard for identifying the hemimerid parasites and our colleagues, Drs. Joseph Bequaert and J. H. Sandground of the Harvard School of Tropical Medicine for their kindness in identifying the many parasites enumerated in the following pages. All the photographs, where not otherwise stated, were taken by Mrs. Loveridge.
Special interest attaches to those species of mammals characteristic of heavy forest growth in which this collection is particularly rich. Their presence at various localities here marks the eastward or north- eastward limit of their range and is correlated with relict patches of forest, often isolated on mountains or in river valleys. No doubt these areas were formerly more extensive and supported a fauna whose species ranged more or less continuously across the continent though frequently breaking up into local races. Increasing aridity and the effect of human occupation, clearing and burning, has re- sulted in driving back the eastward outposts of the rain forest with a corresponding restriction in the numbers and ranges of these species.
The following are rather characteristic of this fauna: — Sylvisorex gemmeus and S. mundus, long-tailed shrews; Rousettus angolensis, a
a, a
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 335
rousette bat here at about its eastern limit; Nycteris nana tristis, the dwarf hollow-faced bat, and probably one or two others of the genus although some are more characteristic of slightly drier country ; Perodic- ticus potto ibeanus, the eastern potto, for which Kaimosi seems to be about the most eastern station; Cercocebus g. galeritus, the crested mangabey, of which an outpost colony on the lower reaches of the Tana River is the sole representative of this genus in Kenya; Cercop- ithecus nictitans schmidti, an eastern representative of the white- nosed monkey, most of the other races of which are West African; Cercopithecus mitis kibonotensis and C. m. stuhlmanni, well-marked races of the blue monkey, the former found in the coastal forests, the latter in those of the Elgon region and adjacent areas westward; Colobus polykomos matschiei of the Elgon region, a close relative of the race of the central Kenya forests; C. badius rufomitratus, the red- capped colobus, of special interest since this type is apparently not found in Kenya except for this outpost in the region of the lower Tana River, whilst its nearest ally is probably the race gordonorum, a rare animal of south central Tanganyika; Genetta servalina bettont, a close- spotted genet found in the Elgon and Kaimosi forests which is clearly an eastern representative of G. servalina of West Africa; Nandinia binotata arborea, the tree civet, a very slightly marked form of the type common in the western forests; Anomalurus jacksoni, a gray species of scaly-tailed flying squirrel, confined to the heavy forests of Uganda eastward to Kaimosi in Kenya Colony; Heliosciwrus rufo- brachium nyansae, an outpost subspecies of a squirrel common in West African forests and meeting the range of H. multicolor elegans an eastern tree squirrel, on Mount Elgon; H. undulatus shindt, a related species of which this race is restricted to forested mountain tops in the Taita Hills near the coast; Protoxerus stangert bea, the Kenya giant squirrel, again an eastern race of a forest squirrel common in parts of West Africa but only found in Kenya in the Kakamega forests near Kaimosi; Claviglis saturatus, a forest-living dormouse; Dendromus ruddi, recalling the unstriped D. messorius of the Game- roons; Oenomys bacchante editus, the rufous-nosed mouse, evidently allied to West African races of O. hypoxanthus and represented on Mount Kenya by a similar subspecies. Lophuromys sikapust ansor- get, the pink-bellied mouse, is apparently here near the eastern limits of its range and giving place to the eastern species L. a. aquilus; Atherurus turneri, the brush-tailed porcupine, allied to A. africanus, perhaps its eastern representative, reaches at Kaimosi, the north- eastern limit of the group’s range in Africa; Hylochoerus meinertz-
34 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
hageni, the forest pig, found in other forested areas of Kenya Colony as well.
To this list doubtless others will be added such as Colomys, lately discovered at Elburgon, Kenya, but several genera such as Stochomys, Malacomys, Deomys still only known from West Africa, appear to be absent as are the galagos, Galago elegantulus and G. demidovit. No doubt these are confined to the western portions of the continent. Additional interest is furnished by those areas in Kenya Colony where the western forest fauna meets with that of the steppe and thornbush districts of the east.
LIST OF SPECIES COLLECTED*
ERINACEIDAE Page Ateleriz prunért hinder (Thomas): :. <$22 se sa. e542 os: 39 MACROSCELIDIDAE Petrodromus (Cercoctenus) sultan sangi Heller.............. 39 Nasilio brachyrhynchus delamerei (Thomas)................ 40 Elephantulus rufescens rufescens (Peters)..............-... 40 SORICIDAE Sylvisorer gemmeus Heller sy? A464). [RAS Ieee oe eee 4] Sylosores mundus Os goodie occeic ys te lett kee A ae eee Al Crocidura nyansae nyansae Neumann..................... Al Crocidura hinder Thomasa ie: S098 ha ed ee ee eee 42 Crocidura turbaizaodon Oszood innit 55's ee oe 42 Crocidura jacksont jacksont Thomas...................... 748 Crocidura hildegardeae hildegardeae Tihomay AB Ree Mee 43 Crocidura bicolor elgonius Osgood...........% 2.6.20 eee ces 44 PTEROPIDAE Rousettus (Lissonycteris) angolensis (Bocage).........5..... 44 Rousettus leach (Smith) sae ta vets ee eat, eels Fe ae 45 Rousettus lanosus kempi Thomas . Sah AS dots ee Epomophorus wahlbergr wahlbergi (Sandell) SE ers 1S Epomophorus labiatus minor Dobson .................+++-- 46 EMBALLONURIDAE Taphozous perforatus haedinus Thomas || ot ee 46
*Species in parenthesis were not collected but are discussed.
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS
NYCTERIDAE
INajeten2s Nan Gtrestys SUS: MOV. = 5,4 0/0. heed. > es oars. aes UNGiChErIiS*hTS DIOR (OCRTEDER) alan Saf. Lipid Gey nied a Hein sce VGCLERUS (QUT 16d: CAMUEESEM) aew ss Ste -< eia tele art i Sess sia tas Nycteris damarensis brockmani (Andersen)............-. Wycteris tnebasce revoult ODM Fe 6.0.) iene es has ds eet
MEGADERMIDAE
i aovasironsme ru VUNG, cp scske toe a.)0 2 eater eiee wale oS wale ah Cay droder nya er (RGters)) ys ifs adhcsen she) ont LOR labors eee
RHINOLOPHIDAE
hivmolopnus heldebrondiw Peters) 247220 te. os ee and Pee lilunolophustelaquens Andersenis 12% 13.0. ihe 1s Mya asia. Rhinolophus fumigatus exsul Andersen..............-++----
HIPPOSIDERIDAE
iipposiderosicater: (sundevall) 2.4... 8. Bagh ee: Hinposaeros iber (NOK) ia i. 3) Masetey.'s cis\sevaign Skane!
VESPERTILIONIDAE
Pipistrellus nanus (Peters) . .
Glauconycteris argentata aneneony ie 8, Soh aii eR MR NY FL
MOLOSSIDAE
Woops (Allomops)osbornt Allen 4.0.) 2. eee. Pe Chagrenhon hander. (Thomas) .1.6..5...0.-08et-eaeewee ee ees
CANIDAE
Thos mesomelas memillant Heller....................---- thycoon pictus lupinus thomas) ee! 9h Pe oe) OU eA,
MUSTELIDAE
Meliwora capensis. sagulata Hollister: . . 2.2). $4503). 2). mompecapensis lndet.( Lhomas) W842 ene e ene ee
VIVERRIDAE
Civettictis civetta schwarzi Cabrera..................05- Genetta servalina bettont Thomas..................-.04- Genetta stuhlmanni stuhlmanni Matschie................ Genetta stuhlmanni erlangeri Matschie.................. Nandinia binotata arborea Heller........:..........0005- Galerella sanguinea tbeae (Wroughton)................. Herpestes ichneumon funestus (Osgood).................
36 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
Page
Arilax paludmosus robustus (Gray). 4 siesta eS
Ichneumia albicauda ubeana (Thomas)..................... 64
Helogale undulata rufula Tuomas.) <5. 4. ee ee ee 65
Mungos mungo colonus (Hellen). 7. ise eee oe oe ee ae 65 FELIDAE
Felis (Leptailurus) capensis hindei Wroughton............. 65
eles ocrcaia sandae Hellers Pee. oi oe, ee oe ee 66 LORISIDAE
Perodicticus potto.cbeanus Thomasea. 4-4.) 6 bee eee 67 GALAGIDAE
Galago-crassicaudatus lasvotts Peters) 2.6 ee Os
Galago senegalensis albipes Dollman....................... 69
Galago senegalensis braccatus Elliot......................- 69 CERCOPITHECIDAE
Cercopithecus nictitans schmidti Matschie.................. 69
Cercopithecus aethiops johnstont Pocock.................... 71
Cercopithecus aethiops callidus (Hollister). ................. col
Cercopithecus mitis kibonotensis Lénnberg.................. 72
Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni Matschie................... 73
Cercomthecus neglecius Schlegel.” i. . x. Se ee 74
Cercocebus galerztusigalertius Peters |\: 4 eee eee ee 75
Panto furae Elliot. |) d2a. Je ahencen eee ee ee 75
Paya sbeanus Thomas. 44: ) 2% ets: hee ee ee ee 78 PITHECIDAE
Colobus polykomos matschiei Neumann...............-..-. 78
Colobus badius rufomitratus Peters...................+.-2s 79 ANOMALURIDAE
Anomoalurus jacksoni.de Winton 426225 Jee eee 80 SCIURIDAE
Helvosciurus rufobrachium nyansae (Neumann)............. 81
Helosciurus undulatus shindi Heller...................... 82
Heliosciurus multicolor elegans Thomas.................... 82
Protoxerus stangert bea Hellets.)Aae eee. os. eae eee 83 MYOXIDAE
Clanglis parvus parvus (True), 3 aes ene Acted
Clanglis saturatus (Dollman) 97.7 96,40: a eee 84
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS By
CRICETIDAE Page Dipodillas pusiiline (Peters) 52S het «1d chest ase elem nga 86 Patera vicina. vicina (Peters) 2 S54 Seasy scott oe 3) eois nels ee 87 Latera migrnicaudanvgricauad (Peters)... Saiy4oc2s so. see OF Laceranionia Wrouehton’, 2.52% oF Mies BP PSS rl LIE OT
RHIZOMYIDAE MOCKTONUClES UAdT WNOMLASe <i aia ts . oii Sees ad ce eee aa eee 88
MURIDAE Dendromus insignis insignis Thomas .............2..5- 052+ 89 Dendromus whater pallescens Osgood 3.2 .)5.0s so. ese hoo 89 Denkiomusrudar Wroughtons. 2 -.. snes. 6 anaes ae ee Oo Wen araniusacracus WV COUeMtOMs 2.00. Sees. she ee es 90 Zelotomys hildegardeae wnaceus Heller..................... 90 Thamnomys surdaster polionops Osgood..............:.... 91 Thamnomys surdaster elgonis Thomas... ... SL ee OL Oenomys bacchante editus Thomas & W roughton Me SENG as 1 0 92 Rattus rattus kijgabius (Allen) . . NVA tee OO Me ee ee OS Aethomys kaisert medicatus (W nausea) pias Pie cw Sale ae A 94 Praomys tullbergt jacksoni (de Bae ee Es os ome tee 94 Praomys taitae (Heller) . . wee Kah p Rte NL ARIES 5 fasta pagel 95) Mastomys coucha tinctus (Hollister). a See ne eee ane 95 Mastomys coucha hildebrandtii (Peters). ...........0..0.05. 96 Egdade tion iniion~ Mhomas. (2 yo: | oe ees ess tesla setae GO mervadabellaGrilabhomas® oe eh sd sea. a's te hese he he 97 cand Dellannicriia pO MOUs. wan ke, he os es Mts eee ee 97 ejvadatgnara grataelwomas 2 Sk bs... ake eee 97 Cricetomys gambianus elgonis Thomas..................+-- 98 Lapharomys aquilus aquilus CLEUe) 26 o... . 5 sus opie ht ns OO Lophuromys sikapust ansorget de Winton.................. 100 ISAC COSIOMLUS <ChICEHELUS SPs WOVE oi). bas. os) RRR NAR 100 Acomys ignatius tgniius Wollman) seo Re tes 102 icomys wilson? wisont. Lhomas.-. 1 24. ia Sek asi tose ee 7108 Dasymuys helukus helukus Heller: 0.25. 65 ee Se ee 103 Pelomys jallas sredescensstellersen: » ii.U ee vay als Pe 104 Arvicanthis abyssinicus nubilans Wroughton............... 104 Arvicanthis abyssinicus virescens Heller.................... 104 Lemniscomys griselda maculosus (Osgood)...............-. 105 Lemniscomys striatus massaicus (Pagenstecher))............ 105 Rhabdomys pumilio diminutus (Thomas).................. 105 Otomys tropicalis elgonis Wroughton...................... 106
Otomys angontensts elassodon Osgood..................004 106
38 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
HYSTRICIDAE Page Hysima galeata, Thomas. eo) olen eee, ee eee 107 Atherurustumnert St, Weper. dt. vse ee ae te ee nel Oe
THRYONOMYIDAE Choeromys gregorianus (Taomas)!\. 25.4. ss. eee 108
LEPORIDAE Lepus tictoriae kakumegae Heller. 2..02 4). 20... SPs ee
SUIDAE (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni meinertzhagent Thomas)........ 109
BOVIDAE Damaliscus korngum top. Blame... 6a aes ee 110 Cephalophus monticola musculoides Heller.................. 110 Sylreapra grinmia deserti Weller ye” oe Aru 5s. oe ee 111 Sylvicapra grimmia lobeliarum Lonnberg................... 112 Sylvicapra grimmia nyanzae Neumann.................... A? Ourebia montana cottont Thomas & Wroughton............. 113 Raphiceros campestris neumanni (Matschie)................ 113 Rhynchotragus kirki kirkit (Giinther).................2... 113 Rhynechotraguskarkes nytkaetdellen sys... 94 ee 114 Kobus ellipsiprymnus kuru Eleller. . 3.) Joan oc eee 145 Kobus :defassa ugandae: Neumann). 3). 0. sie oa ee 115 Tragelaphus scriptus delameret Pocock.................... 116 Tragelaphus scriptus massaicus Neumann.................. TAT. Tragelaphus scriptus olivaceus Heller...................... LL
ELEPHANTIDAE (Loxodonta africana peeli (Lydekker)).................... 118
PROCAVIIDAE Procavia habessinica daemon Thomas...................-- 119 Heterohyrax syriacus kempi (Thomas).................... 120 Heterohyrax syriacus hindei (Wroughton)................. 121 Dendrohyrax arboreus stuhlmanni (Matschie)............... 123 Dendrohyrax arboreus bettoni (Thomas & Wroughton)....... 123
DELPHINIDAE Prodelphinus atténuatus (Gray)c. o-) oda ses: oe ee
DUGONGIDAE
(Dugong dugon (P:'8.12. Maller) nee. as ee 125
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 39
Systematic Discussion ERINACEIDAE
ATELERIX PRUNERI HINDEI (Thomas)
Erinaceus hindei Thomas, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 5, p. 193: Kitui, Kenya Colony.
202 9 (M.C. Z. 31796-9) Voi, K. C. 18.iv.34.
Native name. Kisesegedi (Kitaita).
Discussion. In 1922, J. A. Allen discussed at length the status of the names albientris and pruneri, reaching the conclusion that the former was unidentifiable, and that the latter, synchronously published, should replace it for the typical race from Senaar. This decision rests largely on the fact that no locality can be assigned to the type of albwentris, “although the type appears to have been pre- served in the Munich Museum.” Through the courtesy of the Direc- tor of the latter institution, Dr. Lorenz Miiller, this specimen has been loaned for examination and proves to be the Senegalese species, which is distinct from A. prunert.
Coloration. This series illustrates what is probably the effect of age, in that the younger two have the spine tips clear white, con- trasting with the blackish bases, with a short buffy or pale-ochraceous area forming a transitional band between. In the older specimens many of the whitish tips become discolored buffy, and the black bases of a less intense browner shade. What seem to be new spines with fresh white tips are apparently coming in here and there.
Measurements. o. 180. 21. 24. 27 mm., 9. 165. 18. 22. 24 mm.
Parasites. The largest male was infested with a score or more of large ticks (Rhipicephalus armatus). These were not confined to the spinous regions but occurred on the belly where it might have been supposed that an insectivorous animal like a hedgehog would have attacked them.
MACROSCELIDIDAE PETRODROMUS (CERCOCTENUS) SULTAN SANGI Heller
Petrodromus sultant sangi Heller, 1912, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 60, No. 12, p- 12: Mount Mbololo, Kenya Colony.
Q (M. C. Z. 31795) Mt. Mbololo, K. C. 25. iv. 34.
Native name. Mwonunguomballa (Kitaita).
40 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
Discussion. The specimen is a topotype and apparently the second to be recorded. In color it agrees closely with the typical form, sultan, but Hollister, however, believed the race separable on the basis of a narrower rostrum and smaller upper premolars. The latter character is borne out in comparison with a specimen representing typical sultan, from Amani, Tanganyika Territory.
Measurements. 9 . 205. 184. 56. 86 mm.
NASILIO BRACHYRHYNCHUS DELAMEREI (Thomas)
Macroscelides delameret Thomas, 1901, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 8, p. 155: Athi River, Kenya Colony.
9 (M. C. Z. 31807) Voi, K. C. 7. iv. 34.
Native name. Mwonungu (Kitaita).
Discussion. This specimen is immature, having the complete milk dentition only, so that the diagnostic third lower molar of the per- manent set is not yet present.
Coloration. The narrow eye ring, interrupted at the front, and not extended behind as a broad white mark to the base of the ear, as well as the richer chestnut of the back seem to confirm its refer ence to this genus rather than to Elephantulus, which was secured at the same locality. It is peculiar in having the backs of the hind feet buffy, instead of clear whitish as in specimens from farther inland.
Measurements. 2.97. 80. 27 mm. Ear eaten by ants while the animal was lying dead in a snap-back rat trap.
ELEPHANTULUS RUFESCENS RUFESCENS (Peters)
Macroscelides rufescens Peters, 1878, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 198: Ndi, Taita, Kenya Colony.
1929 (M. C. Z. 31803-5) Voi, K. C. 9-10. iv. 34. 49 (M.C. Z. 31800-2, 31806) Mt. Mbololo, K. C. 24. iv. 34.
Distribution. The series from Mount Mbololo, Taita Hills, are practically topotypes.
Native name. Mwonungu (Kitaita).
Measurements. co’. 115. 166. 29. 19 mm., 9. 138. 125. 31. 20 mm.
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 41
SORICIDAE
SYLVISOREX GEMMEUS Heller
Sylvisorex gemmeus Heller, 1910, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 56, No. 15, p. 7: Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave. POM C2 31242) Kirn Ke Cz 6. 12 34. 301 @ (M. C. Z. 31239-40, 31257, 31259) Kaimosi, K. C. 16-20. ll. 34. Native names. Lunihi (Luragoli); lwhuz (Lutereki) for all shrews. Coloration. These five specimens are uniformly dark chocolate brown above, with white-tipped underparts. This color and the long tail, exceeding the head and body, distinguish it readily. Hollister (1918, p. 39) has recorded a large series from Kaimosi and adds a table of measurements. Measurements. of. 75. 87.14. 7mm., 9. 65. 75. 14. 7 mm.
SYLVISOREX MUNDUS Osgood
Sylvisorexr mundus Osgood, 1910, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zo6l. Series, 10, p. 18: Kijabe, Kenya Colony.
& 9 (M.C. Z. 31243-4) Butandiga, U. 14. i. 34.
Distribution. In addition to the original locality (Kijabe), speci- mens are recorded by Hollister (1918, p. 39) from the west side of Mount Kenya at altitudes of from 7,000 to 10,000 feet. This pair from the western slopes of Mount Elgon (7,000 feet) apparently constitute the first record north and west of Mount Kenya.
Native name. Namageba (Lugishu).
Discussion. Osgood in his original description indicates its close relationship with S. granti of Mount Ruwenzori, in which, however, the tail is relatively longer. In S. mundus it is apparently shorter than head and body. The uniformly blackish-brown coloration above and below further distinguishes it at once from the pale-bellied S. gemmeus.
Measurements. o. 64. 57. 12. 7 mm., 9. 64. 58. 12. 7 mm.
CROCIDURA NYANSAE NYANSAE Neumann
Crocidura flavescens nyansae Neumann, 1900, Zodl. Jahrb. Syst., 18, p. 544: Fort Lubwa, Usoga, Uganda.
Q (M. C. Z. 31266) Sipi, U. 19. xii. 33. 292 (M.C. Z. 31263-4) Kaimosi, K. C. 20. ii & 9. iii. 34.
42 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
Distribution. Hollister (1918, p. 42) has previously recorded this large brown shrew from Kaimosi.
Coloration. One of the specimens from Sipi is just beginning to acquire the new pelage, which appears on the forehead in a patch extending from the nose to between the ears, and again as an oval area in the centre of the back behind the shoulders. The new fur is much darker, more nearly seal brown than the rest, which has faded to a dull brown.
Measurements. 2 . 160. 175. 35. 20 mm.
Parasites. Fleas were removed from the fur of a Kaimosi shrew.
Enemies. One was recovered, and preserved in alcohol, from the stomach of a Nose-horned Viper (Bitis nasicornis) at Kaimosi.
CROCIDURA HINDEI Thomas
Crocidura hindet Thomas, 1904, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 14, p. 237: Mach- akos, Kenya Colony.
Q (M. C. Z. 31785) Ngatana, K. C. 18. vi. 34.
Native name. Tungu (Kkipokomo).
Discussion. This shrew is in a short gray pelage, apparently im- mature. The shorter tail as compared with C. suahelae and the flat- tened skull with a total length of about 24 mm. distinguish it.
Measurements. 2.90. 44. 13. 6 mm.
Habitat. I captured this gray shrew beneath a rubbish heap in one of the native gardens.
CROCIDURA TURBA ZAODON Osgood
Crocidura turba zaodon Osgood, 1910, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Series, 10, No. 3, p. 21: Nairobi, Kenya Colony.
Q (M. C. Z. 31268) Greeki River, U. 6. xii. 33. 3 Q (M. C. Z. 31254-6) Sipi, U. 20-22. xii. 33.
2749 (M.C. Z. 31245-50) Butandiga, U. 8-14. i. 34.
20°29 (M.C. Z. 31251-8, 31265) Kaimosi, K. C. 9-26. 11. 34.
Distribution. This seems to be the common shrew in northern Kenya Colony. The series of thirteen skins is largely from Mount Elgon, and so represents Crocidura turba kempi Dollman (type locality, Kirui, Mount Elgon), but this, as Hollister (1918, p. 55) first sug- gested, is clearly the same as C. t. zaodon of the Nairobi region.
Native names. Etutwi (Karamojong); guchuru (Kisabei); namageba (Lugishu) ; lwntht (Luragoli); lwhui (Lutereki).
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 43
Coloration. In color the Greeki River specimen is in a pale reddish- brown pelage, with pale belly, while all of the others are of the usual dark blackish-brown, indicating the occasional occurrence in this as in some other species of the genus, of a reddish color phase.
Measurements. o’. 87. 60. 14. 7 mm., 9. 97. 51. 13. 9 mm.
Enemies. Examples of this shrew were removed from the stomachs of Brown House Snakes (Boaedon lineatus) at Sipi and Butandiga. Of these the Sipi Shrew was made into a skin.
CROCIDURA JACKSONI JACKSONI Thomas
Crocidura jacksoni Thomas, 1904, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 14, p. 238: Ravine Station, Kenya Colony.
SMCs Ze slrs4) VoL Ke ©. 12h 34. 3o0'°3 @ (M. C. Z. 31282-8, 31286-9) Peceatoni, K. C. 25. v. 34. 1 (M. C. Z. 31790) Golbanti, K. C. 23. vi. 34.
Native names. Nyonge (Kisagalla); tungu (Kipokomo).
Coloration. A fairly uniform series, of a dull chestnut brown and gray, with faintly bicolor tail and pale whitish to grayish underside.
Measurements. o’. 95. 56. 14. 8 mm., 9. 85. 60. 12. 12 mm.
Habitat. I dug the Voi specimen out of a mass of flood debris in the dry bed of the Voi River.
CROCIDURA HILDEGARDEAE HILDEGARDEAE Thomas
Crocidura hildegardeae Thomas, 1904, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 14, p. 240: Fort Hall, Kenya Colony.
9 (M. C. Z. 31267) Sipi, U. 22. xii. 33.
co 9 (M.C. Z. 31241, 31258) Kaimosi, K. C. 8 & 15. ii. 34. Q (M. C. Z. 31793—4) Mt. Mbololo, K. C. 23. iv. 34. eh (M. C. Z. 31792) Peccatoni, K. C. 25. v. 34.
og (M. C. Z. 31791) Wema, K. C. 19. vi. 34.
Distribution. Apparently Heller did not secure this species at Kaimosi so that the pair from that locality and the female from Sipi, Mount Elgon, furnish interesting records north of those given by Hollister (1918, p. 64).
Native names. Namageba (Lugishu); lunihi (Luragoli); luhut (Lutereki); munyongi (Kitaita); tungu (Sipokomo).
Discussion. The skull length — about 18.5 to 19. mm. — is slightly but constantly less than in C. jacksoni. The two females from Mount Mbololo have slightly wider brain cases than the two males from Peccatoni and Wema.
44 BULLETIN’ MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
Measurements. of. (Wema) 87. 45. 12. 11 mm., 2. (Kaimosi) 75. 46. 12. 7 mm. The Mbololo females had identical measurements, presumably being subadults from the same nest, 2 @ . 67. 47. 12. 7 mm.
Habitat. I dug the Wema shrew from the galleries of a semi- aban- doned termitarium.
CROCIDURA BICOLOR ELGONIUS Osgood
Crocidura bicolor elgonius Osgood, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 5, p. 369: Kirui, Mount Elgon, Kenya Colony.
9 (M. C. Z. 31262) Butandiga, U. 14. i. 34. 1 (MM: ©. Z. 31261) Karm, Ke C. 6: 1. 34. Q (M. C. Z. 31260) Kaimosi, K. C. 7. iii. 34.
Native names. Namageba (Lugishu); lunthi (Luragoli); luhut (Lutereki).
Coloration. The small shrews of this species are notable for their very short pelage. The Butandiga female is darker than the two others, which have a faintly brownish or chocolate tint instead of being dark seal brown.
Measurements. 9. (Kaimosi) 58. 43. 8. 7 mm.
PTEROPIDAE
Rovusertus (LISSONYCTERIS) ANGOLENSIS (Bocage)
Cynonycteris angolensis Bocage, 1898, Jorn. Sci. Math. Acad. Sei. Lisboa (2), 5, p. 183: Pungo Andongo, Cahata, Quibula, Angola.
Q@ (M.C. Z. 31149) Sipi, U. 21. xii. 33. @ (M. C. Z. 31147) Butandiga, U. 10.1. 34.
Distribution. This bat has been recorded over the area from Angola to the Ruwenzori region and Tanganyika Territory, so that the above records from Mount Elgon extend its known range slightly to the northeast.
Native names. Bebea (Kisabei); ebugut (Lugishu).
Discussion. The Sipi specimen has a supernumerary lower molar lying to the inner side of the alveolar line, between the usual two
molars. Measurements. 2 juv. (Butandiga) 112. 0. 18. 19. 230 mm.
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 45
RovusETTUS LEACHI (Smith)
Pteropus leachi A. Smith, 1829, Zoél. Journ., 4, p. 433: Cape of Good Hope. 33 9 (M.C. Z. 31125, 31128-32) Sipi, U. 18. xii. 33.
Distribution. This is the most northerly point from which typical leachi has been reported.
Native names. Bebea (Kisabei); ebugut (Lugishu).
Discussion. These six specimens are on the whole nearer typical leachi than aegyptiacus, and agree with the careful description of Andersen in having the palatal ridges 4, 3, 1, instead of 4, 4, 1, all three of those in which the ridges are preserved having three divided ridges behind the molars; the teeth are smaller; and the interorbital constriction equals the postorbital width instead of exceeding it.
Measurements. o’. 150. 17. 18. 22. 300 mm., 9 . 130. 22. 20. 22. 230 mm.
RousETTUS LANOSUS KEMPI Thomas
Rousettus kempi Thomas, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 4, p. 548: Kirul, Mount Elgon, Kenya Colony. 4919 (M.C. Z. 31123-4, 31126-7, 31148) Sipi, U. 21. xii. 33.
Native names. Bebea (Kisabei); ebugut (Lugishu).
Corrigenda. The series of fruit bats from Bagilo, Uluguru Moun- tains, Tanganyika Territory, previously referred to leachi (Allen and Loveridge, 1927, p. 420) are in reality kempi, their teeth being only minutely smaller than those of the Sipi series which are practically topotypes of kempi coming from the western (Uganda) side of the mountain instead of the southeastern (Kenya) slopes. There seems to be no doubt that the Elgon animal is only a very slightly differentiated race.
iWeasurements: ol. Lon. 25.017. 23: 292 mim: "S130! 227-2220. 273 mm.
Parasites. Numerous streblids were collected from the fur of these fruit bats.
Habitat. These bats, as also the Sipi examples of the last two mem- bers of the genus, were all collected in the great cave below the mag- nificent Sipi Falls.
EPOMOPHORUS WAHLBERGI WAHLBERGI (Sundevall)
Pteropus wahlbergi Sundevall, 1846, Ofvers. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Férh., Stock- holm, 3, p. 118: Port Natal, 7.e. Durban, Natal. a (M. Co 2.131122) Sipi, U.. 23: xii. 33. Q (M. C. Z. 31843) Lamu, Lamu Id., K. C. 7. v. 34.
46 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
Distribution. According to Andersen’s account, these specimens come from the range covered by the typical race.
Native names. Ebugut (Lugishu).
Discussion. Both specimens are young, yet well grown with the epiphyses of the finger joints nearly ankylosed with their respective diaphyses, so that their appearance of small size is deceptive. The skulls prove their youth, having shorter rostra and fuller brain cases than in later stages. The palatal ridges also show a slightly different condition in that the last one is proportionally farther forward than in mature animals, being slightly anterior to the middle of the post- dental palate.
Measurements. o.100.0.17.18.190mm., 9.91.0. 15. 18. 200 mm.
EPOMOPHORUS LABIATUS MINOR Dobson
Epomophorus minor Dobson, 1880, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, p. 715: Zanzibar (fide Andersen).
Q (M. C. Z. 31146) Kaimosi, K. C. 25. ii. 34.
Distribution. The type locality of E. labiatus is “Abyssinia,” so that this specimen from Kaimosi is from a locality nearly midway between the typical areas of that animal and E. minor.
Native name. Linyinya (Luragoli and Lutereki).
Discussion. Our example seems to be about intermediate in tooth dimensions between labiatus and minor as shown in Andersen’s table but minutely nearer the limits assigned to minor, to which it is there- fore referred. Since the two forms only differ in size, the occurrence of an intermediate specimen seems to warrant relegating minor to subspecifie rank.
Measurements. 9.116. 0. 17. 18. 222 mm.
Breeding. On February 25, 1934,.this female held a large fetus which was preserved.
EMBALLONURIDAE
TAPHOZOUS PERFORATUS HAEDINUS Thomas
Taphozous perforatus haedinus Thomas, 1915, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 24, p. 62: Chanler Falls, Guaso Nyiro, Kenya Colony. Taphozous perforatus Hollister, 1918, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 99, p. 73.
56 Q (M. C. Z. 31847, 31849-54, 31874-6, 31878) Lamu Id., Ke CA ava
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 47
Measurements. co’. 75. 26. 11. 19. 181 mm., ¢. 80. 26. 12. 18. 187 mm.
Breeding. The female whose measurements are given above was carrying a young male measuring 61. 16. 12. 14. 113 mm.
Habitat. Great numbers of these tomb bats were living in some old buildings along the sea front. The windows had long been boarded up and the places used as warehouses.
NYCTERIDAE
NYCTERIS NANA TRISTIS subsp. noy.
Type. Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, No. 31,156. An adult female, skin and skull, from Kaimosi, Kakamega district, Kenya Colony, collected by Arthur Loveridge, February 13, 1934.
Description. Compared with skins from Lolodorf, Cameroon, rep- resenting typical V. nana (type locality, Benito River, French Congo), the East African race lacks the warm russet coloration of the fur of both surfaces, and is instead a uniform dark drab gray both above and below. The fur is of the same color from tip to base except on the nape and expecially about the bases of the ears, where it is slightly paler, a soiled grayish, basally. On the membranes the fur extends out on the propatagium from the axilla to about the end of the first third of the fore arm, and on the plagiopatagium to a line joining the elbow and the first third of the tibia. On the uropatagium the fur extends out as far as a line connecting the proximal ends of the tibiae. On the under side the extent is about the same, except that it does not quite reach the knees.
Measurements. The specimen has practically the same dimensions as those of the West African race. The type measures: fore arm, 35.8 mm.; tibia, 15.7; foot, 6.5; tail (about) 45; thumb, 11.5; third meta- carpal, 28.5; first phalanx, 16.5; fourth metacarpal, 29.7; fifth meta- carpal, 30.3 mm.
The skull measures: greatest length, 16.6 mm.; basal length, 12.5; palatal length, 3.6; zygomatic width, 9.3; mastoid width, 8.0; width across frontal plate, 6.6; width outside last molars, 6.2; upper cheek teeth, 5.3; lower cheek teeth, 5.8 mm.
Remarks. Through the kindness of Mr. J. Kenneth Doutt, of the Carnegie Museum, we have had the loan of two specimens represent- ing typical Nycterts nana, from Lolodorf, Cameroon. Both agree in their pronounced russet tint, contrasting with the dull gray hue of the
48 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
eastern animal. It is a rather rare species, for, in addition to the original specimen from Benito River, it has apparently been recorded but twice: by Hollister, in 1918, who mentions two in the United States National Museum from Yala River, Kenya Colony, as form- ing a considerable extension of the known range into eastern Africa, and again by Cabrera and Ruxton (1926, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), 17, p. 591), who had a specimen from Luluabourg, Belgian Congo, that flew into a room. The Cameroon specimens, referred to above, are now recorded for the first time.
NyYcTERIS HISPIDA (Schreber) Vespertilio hispida Schreber, 1774, Saugthiere, pl. lvi: Senegal.
229 (M.C. Z. 31153-5, 31157) Kaimosi, K. C. 9. ii. & 9. iii. 34. Q (M. C. Z. 31842) Ngatana, K. C. 14. vi. 34.
Native names. Linyinya (Luragoli); nundu (Kipokomo); both gen- eral for small bats.
Discussion. Externally these differ from somewhat similar species in having the fur extend laterally on to the membrane from the first third of the forearm to the knee, and on the interfemoral membrane slightly beyond to a line about joining the middle of the tibiae, though more thinly. At the sides of the lateral membrane the fur becomes a golden brown.
Measurements. co’. (Kaimosi) 50. 48. 7. 22. 140 mm., 9. (Wema, Ngatana) 48. 50. 7. 20. 124 mm.
Habitat. Both this and the following species occur together for they were brought to my tent late at night by a native who had taken them in the village of Wema close to my camping ground.
NYCTERIS AURITA (Andersen)
Petalia aurita K. Andersen, 1912, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 10, p. 547: Kilifi, Kenya Colony.
9 (M. C. Z. 32059) Ngatana, K. C. 14. vi. 34.
Distribution. In addition to the type, described by Andersen from Kalifi, which is just a hundred miles south of Ngatana, we have found two other specimens of this bat recorded, namely those in the United States National Museum listed by Hollister (1918, p. 74), one taken many years ago on the Tana River, by Chanler, and recorded by True as Nycteris hispida, the other secured by Heller on the Marsabit
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 49
Road, northern Kenya Colony. Granvik (1924) it is true reports its occurrence in numbers in a cave on Mount Elgon, but it seems possible that this identification requires confirmation.
Measurements. 9 . 52. 55. 8. 27. 138 mm.
NYCTERIS DAMARENSIS BROCKMANI (Andersen)
Petalia damarensis brockmant K. Andersen, 1912, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 10, p. 548: Upper Sheikh, British Somaliland.
Q (M. C. Z. 31141) Voi, K. C. 7. iv. 34.
Discussion. This single specimen seems to correspond in every particular to Andersen’s description, its measurements being about the maximum of the extremes that he gives. In color the lower side is very pale, almost whitish.
Measurements. 9 . 62. 58. 12. 34. 150 mm.
NYCTERIS THEBAICA REVOILI Robin
Nycteris revoili Robin, 1881, Bull. Soe. Philom. Paris, (7), 5, p. 90: Northern Somaliland.
9 9 (M.C. Z. 31158-9) Elgonyi, K. C. 24. i. & 4. ii. 34. 9 (M. C. Z. 31160) Kirui, K. C. 29. i. 34.
Native name. Kubukabuk (Kitosh).
Discussion. The form revoili seems to replace typical thebaica in Somaliland and Kenya Colony, and as Dobson once suggested, may prove to be only racially distinct from capensis to the south. Itseems best, therefore, to regard revoilt as a subspecies of the Egyptian thebaica, which it resembles in size. A cotype of revoilz which has been used for comparison, does not differ except possibly in minute points that fall within the limits of individual variation.
Measurements. 9. (Kirui) 50. 52. 10. 33. 144 mm.
Breeding. The female from Kirui on January 29 held a fetus ready for birth (preserved in alcohol). One of the Elgonyi bats was carrying two young on February 4, 1934. The measurements of one of these sucklings were as follows: co’. 36. 20. 9. 16. 63 mm.
Habitat. The Kirui bat was not taken in Kemp’s cave but in a low cavern on the opposite slopes of the valley. When I entered there were five bats in the colony, four flew out immediately on being disturbed so I only succeeded in netting the pregnant female which flew from one corner to another.
50 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
MEGADERMIDAE
LAVIA FRONS REX Miller
Lavia rex Miller, 1905, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 18, p. 227: Taveta, Kenya Colony.
3 @ (M. C. Z. 31134-5) s. bank Greeki River, U. 7. xii. 33. o (M. C. Z. 31133) Kaimosi, K. C. 1. ii. 34. o (M. C. Z. 31836) Kitau, Manda Id., K. C. 15. v. 34. o& (M. C. Z. 31839) Mkonumbi, K. C. 29. v. 34. Q (M. C. Z. 31837) Golbanti, K. C. 22. vi. 34.
Native name. Lumenwa (Karamojong).
Discussion. The status of the forms described as rex and affinis seems still not to be finally settled, but we have provisionally con- sidered these specimens to represent the former.
Measurements. o. (Kaimosi) 70. 0. 16. 42. 190 mm., ¢?. (Greeki River) 71. 0. 18. 45. 162 mm.
Enemies. The skin from Kitau was taken from a freshly swallowed bat recovered from the stomach of a Common Mamba (Dendraspis angusticeps).
Habitat. The pair from Greeki River were shot as they hung to- gether in a thorn tree near the south bank. The species was also seen at Shella on Lamu Island. They were common in the acacia on Manda Island. The Mkonumbi bat was flitting from tree to tree calling with a bird-like note just after dark. After watching it for some time, I shone its eyes with an electric torch and shot it with a .22 cartridge loaded with dust shot.
CARDIODERMA COR (Peters) Megaderma cor Peters, 1872, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 194: Abyssinia. 49°89 (M.C. Z. 31825-35, 31838) Lamu Id., K. C. 8. v. 34.
Distribution. This seems to be a rather uncommon species prin- cipally found in northeastern Africa.
Coloration. The uniformly blue-gray pelage is a shade darker in the immature specimen.
Measurements. o&. 75.0. 18. 35.175 mm., 2.75.0. 18. 39. 174 mm.
Parasites. Streblids were recovered from their fur.
Habitat. At least a hundred of these bats were found to be occupy- ing a deserted house on one of Mr. C. E. Whitton’s estates about half-an-hour’s walk northwest of Lamu township. They hung from
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 5
the beams and found ready egress through the large gaps in the rot- ting thatch. All were shot with a .22 rifle whose rifling was removed to fire dust shot.
RHINOLOPHIDAE
RHINOLOPHUS HILDEBRANDTII Peters
Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Peters, 1878, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 195: Ndi, Taita, Kenya Colony.
@ (M. C. Z. 31840) Voi, K. C. 11. iv. 34.
Distribution. Voi is only about fifteen miles distant from the type locality.
Coloration. This specimen agrees in its pale buffy color with ex- amples from Tanganyika Territory, in this respect differing notice- ably from the series of the smaller, darker R. eloquens.
Measurements. 2 . 80. 45. 12. 33. 195 mm.
RHINOLOPHUS ELOQUENS Andersen
Rhinolophus hildebrandti eloquens K. Andersen, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 15, p. 74: Entebbe, Uganda. oa (M. C. Z. 31173) Mt. Debasien, U. 13. xi. 33. 1+7929 (M.C. Z. 31161-70) Kirui, K. C. 23.1. 34. 9 (M. C. Z. 31171) Elgonyi, K. C. 23. 1. 34.
Native names. Lumenwa (Karamojong); kwrukurw (Kitosh).
Discussion. Hollister (1918, p. 84) has shown that this smaller species is well separated in dimensions, with a forearm of about 56 or 57 mm., from the larger R. hildebrandtii and probably should be considered as a distinct species, rather than a geographical race.
Coloration. This fine series of well made skins shows a decided difference in color from the series of hildebrandtii from Tanganyika collected by Loveridge on an earlier expedition. They are decidedly darker, a general light blackish brown, instead of buffy brown (cf. Ridgway) and can easily be separated by this character, thus con- firming Hollister’s judgment of their specific distinction.
Measurements. 3. (Kirui) 75. 30. 13. 29.177 mm., @. (Kirui) 73. 30. 12. 28. 181 mm.
Parasites. One had an hemipterous polyctenid as well as a large tick (Ixodes simplex) on its breast, many had encysted flies (Ascodi- pteron) in their wings as well as numerous streblids.
52 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
Habitat. All the Kirui series were taken in Robin Kemp’s cave in the course of an hour. They simply swarmed in the low recesses at the back of this cave, the noise of their wings was like the running of the engine of a stationary car. When molested in one of these sub- sidiary caves they quickly migrated to another. We followed by crawling through the tunnel back into the main cave and thence to their fresh refuge. Associated with them, though in the proportion of one to ten, were some horseshoe bats (Hipposideros caffer) or perhaps the latter were more adroit at avoiding the butterfly net employed in capturing their companions.
I shot the Debasien bat at dusk as it hung up in a thorn tree to rest.
RHINOLOPHUS FUMIGATUS EXSUL Andersen
Rhinolophus fumigatus exsul K. Andersen, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 15, p. 74: Kitui, Kenya Colony.
ne (MAC. Zs silili72)) Kanu Kei Car aeaie3 4:
Discussion. This seems to be an uncommon species. Only one example, and that without skull, was available to its describer in 1905. It was one of the few species of the genus which the East African expeditions of the United States National Museum failed to find in that region. In addition to the male secured by Loveridge, the Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy has a second from the Kenya forest, ten miles west of Chuka, collected by Dr. F. R. Wulsin in 1914. The skull shows the minute upper and lower premolars present. The hairy noseleaf and the forearm of about 51-52 mm. are distinctive in comparison with other East African members of the genus.
HIPPOSIDERIDAE
HIPPOSIDEROS CAFFER (Sundevall)
Rhinolophus caffer Sundevall, 1846, Ofvers. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Foérh., Stock- holm, 3, p. 118: Near Port Natal, Natal.
7 oo (M.C. Z. 31844-6, 32062-5) Tsavo, K. C. 30. ii. 34.
Measurements. o. 52. 32. 8. 15. 1386 mm.
Habitat. I captured all these at night with a butterfly net in one of the rooms of the abandoned house, three hundred yards north of the station, which I occupied. By day the bats apparently sleep in the roof, but at night fly in and out of the rooms through the broken window panes, and rest by hanging on the cornices.
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 53
HreposIpEROS RUBER (Noack) Phyllorhina rubra Noack, 1893, Zo6l. Jahrb. Syst., 7, p. 586: “Tugerrunjere”’ i.e. Ngerengere River, Tanganyika Territory. Q (M. C. Z. 31150) Kirui, K. C. 23. 1. 34. o 9 (M.C. Z. 31151-2) Elgonyi, K. C. 23. 1. 34.
Coloration. These three skins represent the brown phase.
Measurements. co’. 61. 35. 8. 15. 147 mm., 9. (Elgonyi) 55. 38. 8. 15. 147 mm.
Parasites. A nycteribiid on one.
VESPERTILIONIDAE
PIPISTRELLUS NANUuS (Peters)
Vespertilio nanus Peters, 1852, Reise nach Mossambique, Saéugethiere, p. 63: Inhambane, Mozambique. 70°39 (M.C. Z. 31136-45) Kaimosi, K. C. 26-28. 11. 34. 20°62 (M.C. Z. 31868-73, 32060-1) Mt. Mbololo, K. C. 23. iv. 34. o (M. C. Z. 31867) Golbanti, K. C. 22. vi. 34.
Native name. Eososi (Kitaita).
Coloration. The series from Kaimosi averages slightly darker than the other specimens listed above which are from the coastal region. They can, however, be matched by specimens from Tanganyika Territory to the south, so that the difference is probably due to fading.
Measurements. o. (Kaimosi) 48. 34. 5. 8. 100 mm., 2 . (Kaimosi) 38. 30. 5. 8. 107 mm.
Breeding. One of the females from Kaimosi was carrying a young one at her breast on February 26, 1934.
GLAUCONYCTERIS ARGENTATA (Dobson)
Chalinolobus (Glauconycteris) argentatus Dobson, 1875, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, p. 385: Cameroon Mountains.
728 2 (M.C. Z. 31879, 31881-7, 32052-8) Kikuyu, K.C. 14. iii. 34. Measurements. o. 55. 46. 4. 9. 140 mm. Breeding. Four of the females were carrying young. Habitat. Dr. J. W. Arthur directed my attention to a circular patch on his lawn where the grass had been killed. It was about a foot in diameter and immediately beneath a solid cluster of these
54 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
bats, which were hanging in a correspondingly circular area of an ornamental ‘palm’ (Dracaena sp.) at a height of twelve feet from the ground.
After they had been photographed, during which process they showed no nervousness though the camera and operator were within six feet of them, I made one sweep of my net which resulted in the capture of thirty bats. Five were released one by one and photo- graphed in flight, unfortunately the results were not a success. Ten were skinned and donated to the Coryndon Museum at Nairobi in appreciation of the facilities and materials afforded for skinning. I reached Nairobi at 11 a.m. and my young Mgishu skinner started on the work almost immediately continuing until he had finished the last of the twenty-five at 5 p.m.
MOLOSSIDAE
Mops (ALLOMoPS) OSBORNI Allen
Mops (Allomops) osbornt J. A. Allen, 1917, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 37, p. 473: Kinshasa, near Leopoldville, Belgian Congo.
@ (M. C. Z. 31863) Bellazoni, K. C. 5. vi. 34. 505 @ (M.C. Z. 31855--62, 31864-5) Ngatana, K. C. 14. vi. 34. also 5 in aleohol with the same data as these last.
Native name. Nundu (Kipokomo).
Coloration. On comparing these skins with a considerable series from Ujjiji, collected by Loveridge on a previous expedition, they seem to average paler on the throat and chest. In the Ujiji series, which must represent the typical race, the throat is gray in most cases, and this color extends to the upper chest. In two or three, however, the whole central part of the under surface is white from the dark chin to the anus.
In the Ngatana series only two out of the ten are dark throated, the others being pure white throughout the mid-ventral region. Notwithstanding this apparently average difference, the extremes are bridged by individual variation, so that it does not seem possible to recognize a coastal race. A few of the series have the entire dorsal surface of head and body mixed with whitish hairs, giving a slightly frosted effect, while others are uniformly brown above.
Measurements. &.85.52.12.19.180mm., 9 .77.49.11.17.170mm.
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 55
Habitat. These were obtained from the school house of a village, on the banks of the Tana, which had been abandoned by order of the medical officer of health.
CHAEREPHON HINDEI (Thomas)
Nyctinomus hindei Thomas, 1904, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 13, p. 210: Fort Hall, Kenya Colony.
oJ oO (M. C. Z. 31866, 31877) Witu, K. C. 7. vi. 34.
Coloration. Although both these specimens agree in the pattern of white markings, with the midventral area and a line from armpit to anus white, wings white, interfemoral dark, the older specimen is much more russet brown than the younger, which is a grayish choc- olate.
Measurements. o. 60. 41. 9. 17. 138 mm.
CANIDAE
THOS MESOMELAS MCMILLANI Heller
Thos mesomelas mcmillani Heller, 1914, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 63, No. 7, p. 6: Mtito Andei Station, Kenya Colony.
o& o| (M. C. Z. 31957, 31960) Tsavo, K. C. 3. iv. 34.
Coloration. These two jackals, from very near the type locality, agree with the coastal race in the pale sides, buff instead of rufous, and generally less rufous tints than the more inland race.
Native name. Muzozo (Kitaita).
Measurements. o. 745. 330. 162. 106 mm.
Diet. In the stomachs of both were numerous scraps of goat hide and hair, obviously trimmings picked up at the village; in addition there was much wild fruit.
Habits. Both were shot as they visited the carcass of a hyrax which I had pegged beneath a baobab, the first at 1.45 a.m., the second at 2.30 a.M. Their calls, which seemed to me to differ considerably from those of jackals in central Tanganyika, could be heard in each case for half-an-hour before the animal arrived.
LYCAON PICTUS LUPINUS Thomas
Lycaon pictus lupinus Thomas, 1902, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 9, p. 439: Nyuki River Swamp, Rift Valley, Kenya Colony.
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Native name. Kiwao (Kitaita).
Habits, etc. On arrival at Kibwezi, March 22, 1934, I made en- quiries with a view to securing topotypes of the hunting dog (L. hueb- nert) described from here. Herr. Huebner, I learned, had been em- ployed on the Dwa Estate many years before the War. I walked out to Dwa, which is four miles from Kibwezi station, and was told by Mr. A. B. C. Smith, the manager of Dwa Estate, that one of his staff, Mr. Cushny, had, only a fortnight before, shot and killed ten and wounded an eleventh hunting dog from a pack of twelve. The place was fifteen miles away and Mr. Smith very kindly arranged for a native to be sent to the spot. On his return, this man reported that no skulls were to be found, and presumed that hyenas had cleaned up the spot. At irregular intervals packs hunt through the Estate, usually at night. It would be very difficult to arrange to hunt such mobile creatures which are here one day and miles away the next.
At Tsavo, on April 4, 1934, I was awakened at daybreak, half-an- hour before sunrise, by the patter of feet outside the long-vacant house which I was occupying. Almost simultaneously a hoof sharply struck a tin ean. Springing from bed, I stepped out on to the verandah. For a hundred feet around the house the ground is clear, beyond this the thornbush stretches like a blanket over the country, in every direction, so far as the eye can see. At the edge of the clearing stood a half-grown waterbuck calf; next moment it had disappeared into the bush.
Returning to my room, I began to dress and was putting on my puttees when my ears were assailed by the terrified bleating of the young waterbuck. The cries came from the front of the house, down by the river. Snatching up a rifle, I raced down the slope, dodging the thornbushes as best I could. Ahead of me sounded a heavy splash followed by much splashing. Some animal dashed through the grass at the river’s brink, it was a hunting dog. I took a snapshot at it but missed being very much out of breath. Up to this time I had not given hunting dogs a thought having supposed that a crocodile had seized the calf or its mother. Later my gunbearer reported that he had seen the mother make off to the south as I ran down the hill.
The calf was standing in the middle of the Tsavo River, only its head and part of its back showed above the swift current. Some hunting dogs were in shallow water on the farther side but lost no time in scrambling out and up the bank. On my side two others, hidden in the rank grass, barked and yapped defiantly at me before taking to the thornbush. I followed them for a quarter-of-an-hour
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS ay
but they kept well to cover. Returning to the river we found the buck still in the same place, we sat down to watch it, momentarily fearing that it would be taken by a crocodile. After waiting ten minutes, however, we saw the creature swim upstream then struggle up the farther bank. The dogs had been hunting silently until now, but later in the morning we heard them calling, and concluded that they made a kill about a mile down the river about 11 a.m.
According to the natives, hunting dogs visit Manda Island from time to time, harassing the dikdik, then return to the mainland.
MUSTELIDAE
MELLIVORA CAPENSIS SAGULATA Hollister
Mellivora sagulata Hollister, 1910, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 56, No. 13, p. 2: Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanganyika Territory.
Native skin (M. C. Z. 31951) Mt. Mbololo, K. C. 14. iv. 34.
Native names. Ekore (Karamojong); kisegi (Kitaita).
Coloration. This skin agrees fairly well with Hollister’s description and with other specimens from Tanganyika Territory. The buffy stripe continues from the forehead to the rump, while the remaining pale area of the back is darker with admixture of black hairs and others with rusty tips, perhaps in part due to staining. Where these animals live in red-soil country they become much stained with this earth.
Folklore. The following tale was related by my Karamojong gun- bearer. “Once upon a time a Karamojong woman was out in the bush when she came upon a ratel which had been covered with dirt by termites. Its ears and tail were showing, however. Exclaiming ‘What good fortune to find an animal already dead,’ she took some branches and brushed off the dirt. It was a time of scarcity or famine so she concealed the ratel among her skin clothing and returned home. On her meeting some neighbors, they asked her, ‘What have you there?’ To deceive them, she replied, ‘Oh, nothing, a dead creature which has become very rotten.’ When they would have seen it, she refused and, entering her hut, fastened the door securely.
This being done she instructed her child to build up the fire. Then told him to bring a knife with which to skin the ratel. The boy tried to cut the tough skin but failed. His mother ordered him to sharpen the knife. Then she held the ratel while he tried to cut into the skin
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at the throat. At this the ratel moved an ear. The boy cried, ‘Mother, it is not dead.’ ‘Nonsense,’ answered the mother. ‘Do as I bid you.’ The child then succeeded in making an incision whereupon the ratel, which had only been somnolent as a result of gorging itself upon honey and grubs, revived and attacked the child. The mother attempted to drive it off but the savage creature sprang upon her, scratching her head and face and biting her severely.
She shrieked aloud for help, the neighbors tried the door but found it fastened too securely for them to open. The woman’s husband, who had been herding goats, was returning to the village when he heard the uproar. Leaving the goats in care of another son, he hurried to the house and broke down the door. As he did so, the ratel dashed out, the assembled neighbors hurled their spears at it, but not a spear penetrated the tough hide and the ratel made good its escape.”
Compare this story with that of the Wakami relating to a civet as recorded under that species.
AONYX CAPENSIS HINDEI (Thomas)
Lutra capensis hindei Thomas, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 15, p. 78: Fort Hall, Kenya Colony.
o 2 (M. C. Z. 31621-2) Mwahedio River, Kaimosi, K. C. 9. ii. 34.
Native names. Lizibi (Luragoli); inzibt (Lutereki).
Discussion. Two beautiful specimens of the clawless otter are referred to hindci, although they differ from the type as described by Thomas, in having the ears rimmed with white above as is usual in the species, instead of uniformly dark. As noted by J. A. Allen both this and the race helios from the Sotik were based on single individuals, so that until series of specimens can be compared, the value of the characters claimed for them cannot be estimated.
Measurements. 3. 740. 425. 120.33 mm., 2. 600. 400. 130. 30 mm.
Parasites. Ticks (Haemaphysalis leachii) were abundant in their fur.
VIVERRIDAE
CIVETTICTIS CIVETTA SCHWARZI Cabrera
Vwerra civetta orientalis Matschie, (not V. orientalis Hodgson, 1842 = V. zibetha Linnaeus) 1891, Arch. fiir Naturgesch., 1, p. 352: Zanzibar.
Vwerra civetta schwarzi Cabrera, 1929, Mem. R. Soc. Espanol. Hist. Nat., Madrid, 16, No. 1, p. 36, footnote: Bagamoyo, Tanganyika Territory.
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 59
Viverra civetta matschiei Pocock, 1933, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 36, p. 429, footnote.
g (M. C. Z. 31612) Sipi, U. 18. xii. 33. 9 @ (M.C. Z. 31104, 32271) Butandiga, U. 9. 1. 34. Q (M. C. Z. 31611) Bukori, K. C. 18. 1. 34. o 2 (M.C. Z. 32203, 32257) Kaimosi, K. C. 15 & 23. ii. 34.
Native names. Mugis (Kisabei); ndesi (Lugishu); kutelt (sitosh); ndereet (Kimasai); ligunyuli (Luragoli); likunyuli (Lutereki); fungo (Kitaita).
Coloration. The Sipi male is melanistic.
Measurements. o’. (Kaimosi) 930. 400. 140.55 mm., 2 . (Butandiga) 890. 410. 125. 52 mm.
Breeding. The big Butandiga female was suckling a large kitten, the latter measuring: 2 . 420. 180. 75. 41 mm. The Kaimosi female was also obviously nursing a family on February 15, 1934.
Diet. The Sipi civet was very emaciated and its stomach held only a mass of hair matted into the shape and size of an ordinary brown rat. One Kaimosi animal held a rat (Qenomys b. editus), the other a nosehorned viper (Bztis nasicornis) and some invertebrates.
Parasites. Ticks (Haemaphysalis leachii) were collected from the Sipi, Butandiga and Kaimosi civets.
Folklore. ‘‘Civets,” said an Mkami to me, “rob our gardens of the maize, gorge upon the cobs, and then retire to the bush to sleep. They sleep so heavily with their mouths wide open that they deceive even the flies who, supposing them to be dead, assemble to lay their eggs about the gaping jaws. One day an Mkami discovered that his garden had been robbed, tracked the thief and found that it was a civet which had apparently succumbed from too heavy a repast. Wrapping the animal in banana leaves, he threw it over his shoulder and returned to the village where a beer-drink was in progress. As the Wakami ate civets in those days, and he was anxious to avoid sharing the meat with his neighbors, he entered his hut surreptitiously, closed the door, and built up a big fire.
“His wife and children gathered round as he thrust the fungo on the fire to roast. Immediately the creature awoke and dashing wildly about the hut broke utensils and scattered the fire. Seizing a spear the man attempted to kill the terrified animal, but in the uproar, smoke, and confusion accidentally speared his own child. On realizing what had happened, the mother and other children began to wail. The neighbors, hearing the outcry, broke in the door and dragged the
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man away to a council of the old men who fined him heavily in goats for the murder.”
“So that is what came of his not sharing his find with his friends,” added Salimu, with a grin. ‘He lost the civet, killed his child, and it cost him several goats. The only profit was for the village elders who had a good feast at his expense.”’
Whether this moral tale was pure folklore, or whether it had some slight basis in fact, of course, I cannot say. It was related to me as an explanation of why the Wakami will not touch civet meat today. Strangely enough, my superior, and relatively cultured, Mganda cook had a great fondness for civet, toasting the meat over the fire. As his companions scorned to touch it, the carcasses of all the animals listed above fell to his share. In comparing the foregoing story with the Karamojong tale of a ratel, it should be remembered that the Wakami and Karamoja tribes are separated by seven hundred miles.
GENETTA SERVALINA BETTONI Thomas
Genetta bettont Thomas, 1902, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 9, p. 365: Lagari, Mau district, Kenya Colony. o (M. C. Z. 32305) Sipi, U. 26. xii. 33. 9 (M. C. Z. 32207) Butandiga, U. 12. i. 34. 9 (M. C. Z. 32306) Kaimosi, K. C. 10. ii. 34.
Native names. Lungirt (Lugishu) ; kidarongo (Luragoli) ; shingangayu (Lutereki).
Discussion. This small-spotted genet is evidently an eastern rep- resentative of the servalina type of West African forests, and we have therefore regarded it as a subspecies of that animal. It furnishes another instance of the eastward extension of the forest fauna of the Congo basin, and is apparently a much less common species than G. s. stuhlmanni in the area here covered. Hollister (1918, p. 118) records two examples from the Kakamega region in the United States National Museum.
Measurements. of. 505. 445. 81. 41 mm., 9. 412. 350. 77. 42 mm.
Breeding. The Butandiga genet is only a little more than halfgrown.
Diet. Rodent fur in the stomach of the Sipi specimen.
Parasites. Ticks (Haemaphysalis leachit) were present on the Butandiga example.
GENETTA STUHLMANNI STUHLMANNI Matschie
Genetta stuhlmanni Matschie, 1902, Verh. V. Int. Zoél-Congr., Berlin, p. 1142: Bukoba, Tanganyika Territory.
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 61
30192 (M.C. Z. 32289-92) Sipi, U. 19-25. xi. 33. o (M. C. Z. 32296) Butandiga, U. 9. i. 34. Q (M. C. Z. 32297) Kirui, K. C. 31. i. 34. 19°10 ¢ (M. C. Z. 32293-5, 32298-303, 32308-9) Kaimosi, K. C. 9. 1-17. i. 34.
Native names. Mwown (Kisabei); lunzirt (Lugishu); kwmondo (Kitosh); maragok (Kimasai); kidarongo (Luragoli); shitarongo (Lutereki).
Coloration. Notwithstanding the great individual variation in color, this seems to be of a fairly definite sort. In skins from the same locality, the ground color is usually buffy, sometimes light gray without buffy tinge except that the pale rings of the tail are almost always somewhat tinged with buffy. The spots and broken stripes of darker, are either all black, or there is a variable amount of chestnut or rusty red hairs in the center of the black spot, these hairs pre- dominating in some and in the extreme cases forming the entire spot to the practical exclusion of black hairs.
Measurements. of. (Kaimosi) 520. 420. 75. 44 mm., 9. (Kaimosi) 500. 430. 85. 44 mm.
Breeding. This largest female from Kaimosi, killed on February 16, 1934, had two kittens, both of which were females, the bigger measur- ing 270. 222. 60. 35 mm.
Diet. The stomach contents of Sipi genets were noted as follows: (1) rodent fur; (2) rodent remains, apparently those of several young rats together with the reddish feathers of a bird, or birds, possibly those of nestling Paradise Flycatchers (Tchitrea v. viridis); (3) a young rat (Otomys t. elgonis) and a round white forest fruit smaller than an average marble. The Butandiga genet held a rat (Tatera sp.) while Kaimosi specimens contained: (1) rodent fur; (2) a tree rat (Oenomys b. editus); (3) a swamp rat (Otomys t. elgonis).
Parasites. Ticks (Haemaphysalis leachii) on a Sipi and Kaimosi genet, the Sipi animal also harboring a tapeworm (Taenia parva).
GENETTA STUHLMANNI ERLANGERI Matschie Genetta erlangert Matschie, 1902, Verh. V. Int. Zo6él.-Congr., Berlin, p. 1143: Kitui, Kenya Colony.
Q (M. C. Z. 32326) Mt. Mbololo, K. C. 25. iv. 34. 9 (M. C. Z. 32304) Lamu Island, K. C. 12. v. 34. Q (M. C. Z. 32325) Ngatana, K. C. 12. vi. 34.
Native names. Ludindi (Kitaita); kanu (Kiswahili and Kipokomo).
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Coloration. These are referred to the paler coastal race, although it must be admitted that many specimens are difficult to place. The adult from Lamu Island has a pale gray ground color with black spots and, except for the white instead of buffy rings on the tail, it is prac- tically an exact match for the palest of the Kaimosi series of the typical form. The whitish rings on the tail characterize the two other specimens which are immature, whereas in all the Kaimosi series the rings are buffy. The same variation in the spots from black to red- centered or all-chestnut-red is seen in the coast form.
Measurements. 2. 500. 420. 87. 44 mm.
NANDINIA BINOTATA ARBOREA Heller
Nandinia binotata arborea Heller, 1913, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 61, No. 13, p- 9: Lukosa River, Kenya Colony.
292 (M. C. Z. 32249-50) Sipi, U. 18 & 22. xii. 33. Q (M. C. Z. 32248) Butandiga, U. 13. i. 34. 49°19 (M.C. Z. 31101, 31623-4, 32193, 32251) Kaimosi, K. C. 14-24. 1. 34.
Type locality. The Kaimosi series are topotypes as they come from the forest through which the Lukosa (i.e. Yala) River flows.
Native names. Mowe (Kisabei); liwala (Lugishu); ninamugogo (Luragoli) ; kunamugogo (Lutereki).
Coloration. This series is very uniform in its ground tint as well as in the rather light spotting, but is not very different in these char- acters from Cameroon examples of the typical form, though in the latter the general tone is slightly darker.
Measurements. o. 580. 560. 80.41 mm., @ . (Kaimosi) 530. 530. 80. 38 mm.
Diet. One stomach held a tree rat (Oenomys b. editus), another a swamp rat (Otomys t. elgonis) at Kaimosi, all the other stomachs were empty and free of parasites.
Enemies. The bodies were eaten by the Bagishu who hunted them.
GALERELLA SANGUINEA IBEAE (Wroughton)
Mungos sanguineus ibeae Wroughton, 1907, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 20, p. 118: Fort Hall, Kenya Colony.
Q (M. C. Z. 32332) Tsavo, K. C. 2. iv. 34.
Discussion. The late Dr. J. A. Allen has advocated the use of the generic name Galerella for the mongooses of this group. Thomas’s Myonax is perhaps not very different.
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 63
Measurements. 9 . 295. 280. 55. 25 mm.
Diet. The stomach was empty, these animals being diurnal feeders.
Habitat. At 8 a.m. I observed a pair of mongoose basking in com- pany of a hyrax (H. s. hindei) on the top of a huge rock, the hyrax observed me and promptly disappeared. I stalked its companions, the male mongoose rose on its hind legs, meerkat fashion, the better to see me, then followed the hyrax as I fired at the female.
HERPESTES ICHNEUMON FUNESTUS (Osgood)
Mungos ichneumon funestus Osgood, 1910, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zo6l. Series, 10, No. 3, p. 17: Naivasha, Kenya Colony.
o (M. C. Z. 32245) Sipi, U. 11. xii. 33. o (M. C. Z. 32246) Kirui, K. C. 30. i. 34. 2049 (M.C. Z. 32240—-4, 32247) Kaimosi, K. C. 17-26. ii. 34.
Native names. Ekosemate (Karamojong); churunguru (Kisabei); serengeta (Lugishu); anamambi (Kitosh); mogoeet (Kimasai); luna- magekt (Luragoli); linweli (Lutereki).
Discussion. In spite of its large size, the dentition of this mongoose is noticeably weak in comparison with that of Atilax.
Measurements. o&. (Kirui) 600. 460. 91. 35 mm., 2. (Kaimosi) 540. 480. 82. 35 mm.
Breeding. A kitten (o’. 275. 150. 53. 26 mm.) obtained at Kaimosi on February 20, 1934, had milk only in its stomach.
Diet. At Sipi, rodent fur and the claw of a fowl. At Kaimosi, three animals each held a different species of rat, viz. Oenomys b. editus, Praomys t. jacksoni and Arvicanthis a. nubilans.
Parasites. Nematodes (Ascaris sp.) were collected from one Kaimosi mongoose.
ATILAX PALUDINOSUS ROBUSTUS (Gray) Athylax robustus Gray, 1864, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, p. 558: White Nile.
o (M. C. Z. 32256) Butandiga, U. 9.1. 34. o& (M. C. Z. 31606) Kaimosi, K. C. 12. ii. 34.
Native names. Linsi (Lugishu); mugoeet (Kimasai); lunamatu (Luragoli).
Coloration. While both specimens agree closely in body color, the one from Butandiga has a much more uniformly black tail than the other, in which the color of the tail is about that of the body.
Measurements. &. (Kaimosi) 620. 360. 117. 39 mm.
Diet. The stomachs of both held the remains of small rodents.
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Parasites. Ticks (Haemaphysalis leachii) were collected on the Butandiga mongoose.
ICHNEUMIA ALBICAUDA IBEANA (Thomas)
Herpestes albicaudus ibeanus Thomas, 1904, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 13, p. 409: Stony Athi, Kenya Colony.
9 -(M. @.)Z. 32255) Karu, K. C. 31.1. 34.
19°49 (M.C. Z. 31601, 32252—4, 32258) Kaimosi, K. C. 12. ii-2. iii. 34. Q (M. C. Z. 31958) Kibwezi, K. C. 28. iii. 34. o (M. C. Z. 31959) Tsavo, K. C. 3. iv. 34.
Distribution. This race occurs on Mount Mbololo where a freshly taken pelt was seen.
Native names. Waranyet (Kimasai); wsambaruo (Lugishu); kinueli (Luragoli); linweli (Lutereki); mwalasangali (Kitaita).
Coloration. Heller (1913, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., 61, No. 13, p. 11) distinguished the white-tailed mongoose of the coastal area as ferox with Changamwe, near Mombasa, as type locality. Hollister (1918, p. 130) is inclined to doubt its validity and places it in the synonymy. The two specimens from Kibwezi and Tsavo listed above, are, however, distinctly lighter than those from Kaimosi and Kirui, with less of the long black tips to the hairs of the dorsal region, so that possibly it may be recognizable when series are compared. Melanism is common in the entire area, making an estimate of shades of dark or light rather more difficult. Two of the series, from Kirui and Kaimosi, are unusually dark, even the tails being almost wholly black with the exception of the gray-based hairs at their proximal end.
Measurements. &. (Tsavo) 560. 410. 101. 38 mm., 2. (Kirui) 570. 450. 123. 45 mm.
Diet. At Kaimosi one mongoose had a rat (Otomys t. elgonis) and the scales of a viper (itis nasicornis) in its stomach, another a few small bones, snake’s eggs, what were apparently lizard’s eggs, together with a mass of beetle and other insect remains. The stomach of the Kibwezi mongoose was crammed with grasshoppers. The Tsavo animal had some scraps of meat but mostly vegetable matter. I shot this mongoose as it was sniffing at the carcass of a hyrax at 12.30 a.m. A second mongoose came at 4 A.M. but I missed it.
Parasites. Nematodes (Physaloptera sp). were found in the stomach of a Kaimosi mongoose.
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 65
HELOGALE UNDULATA RUFULA Thomas
Helogale undulata rufula Thomas, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 5, p. 194: Rogoro, Kikuyu, Kenya Colony. Q (M. C. Z. 32132) Tsavo, K. C. 31. iii. 34. @ (M. C. Z. 32330) Mt. Mbololo, K. C. 26. iv. 34.
Native name. Munuru (Kitaita).
Coloration. The small mongooses of this genus seem rather vari- able in coloration, but it is not altogether clear as yet how far this is an individual matter.
Measurements. 9 . (Mbololo) 460. 165. 43. 20 mm.
Breeding. 2 juv. (Tsavo) 180. 140. 48. 16 mm.
Habitat. The young mongoose was shot in the head with dust-shot from a .22 at a range of ten feet as it peered at me from the base of a thornbush into which it had run.
Muncos MuNGO coLonus (Heller)
Crossarchus fasciatus colonus Heller, 1911, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 56, No. 17, p. 16: Southern Guaso Nyiro, Kenya Colony.
Q (M. C. Z. 32331) Voi, K. C. 17. iv. 34.
Native name. Munuru wa sanga (Kitaita).
Distribution. In addition to the single specimen from Voi, a cranium was picked up in a cave near Kemp’s Cave above Kirui, southeast face of Mount Elgon. The Banded Mongoose seems to be much less common in Kenya Colony than it is farther south.
Measurements. 9 juv. 342. 222. 72.21 mm.
FELIDAE
FE.is (LEPTAILURUS) CAPENSIS HINDEI Wroughton
Felis capensis hindet Wroughton, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 5, p. 205: Machakos, Kenya Colony.
Felis capensis kempi Wroughton, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 5, p. 206: Kirui, Mount Elgon, Kenya Colony.
o (M. C. Z. 31620) Kaburomi, U. 28. xii. 33. Q@ (M. C. Z. 31950) Golbanti, K. C. 25. vi. 34.
Native names. Korobat (Kisabei); lutuku (Lugishu); indamamweli (Luragoli and Lutereki).
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Coloration. Hollister (1918, p. 175) has indicated that there seem to be no good reasons for recognizing a Mount Elgon race of serval, distinct from that of the lowlands to the southeast. The male secured by Loveridge at 10,500 feet on Mount Elgon is quite like one in the Museum collection from Kijabe, representing hindei with a similarly ochraceous-buff background above. On the other hand, the Golbanti skin from the coast is very much paler in the general tone, with pale buffy sides and feet, shading to nearly ochraceous buff in the very middle line of the back. It is a very good match for another specimen from Mwanza, south shore of Lake Victoria, so that the series at hand shows no clear distinction of a paler coastal and a richer-colored inland form, though possibly of a paler, more southern one. We have for the present, therefore, tentatively referred both to hindez.
Measurements. &. 870. 280. 185. 86 mm., 2 . 820. 300. 190. 88 mm.
Breeding. Regretfully one noted that the Golbanti serval, dis- turbed in long grass and shot on the run, was nursing a family.
Diet. Feet and fur of a mole rat (Tachyoryctes ruddi) in the Kabu- romi animal, two rats (Mastomys c. hildebrandti) and two Harlequin Quail (Coturnix delegorguez) ii the Golbanti specimen.
Parasites. Hippoboscid flies (Hippobosca longipennis) were very abundant in the fur of the female.
FELIS OCREATA NANDAE Heller
Felis ocreata nandae Heller, 1913, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 61, No. 13, p. 14: Lukosa River, Nandi Escarpment, Kenya Colony.
20°69 (M. C. Z. 32263-70) Near Lukosa R., Kaimosi, K. C. 14. 11-7. ui. 34. Native names. Lugaho (Luragoli); shitarongo (Lutereki). Coloration. This topotypic series shows much variation in the tint of the occiput and ears, much more mixed with black in some than in others, while the backs of the ears are nearly red or in others black- ish. In two new-born kittens the pattern of indistinctly-marked cross-stripes and spots of black is much more obvious than in the adults which tend to lose all the body markings, and develop a nearly uniform buffy-gray coat with faint indications of the stripes; in the kittens the fine longitudinal black stripes are clearly marked but dis- appear in the adults. Measurements. o'. 505. 300. 117. 57 mm., 9 . 570. 352. 130. 64 mm. Breeding. On March 6, 1934, two kittens, apparently only born that day were brought in, they measured: o. 152. 70. 36. 15 mm.,
ary
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 64
Q. 155. 70. 36. 15 mm. On February 25, a half-grown kitten was collected.
Diet. Four swamp rats (Dasymys h. helukus and Otomys t. elgonis) were recovered from the stomachs of three cats, those of all the rest were empty.
Enemies. The natives frequently find the kittens of the wild tabby and take them to their huts where they remain for a time. One such, judging by its cropped ears, had evidently been in captivity for some time.
LORISIDAE PERODICTICUS POTTO IBEANUS Thomas
Perodicticus ibeanus Thomas, 1910, Abstr. Proc. Zoédl. Soc. London, No. 81, p. 17: Kakamega Forest, Kenya Colony. 30°22 (M. C. Z. 31117-21, 31720) Kaimosi, Kakamega Forest, K. C. 23. ii.—9. iti. 34.
Distribution. The potto has never been recorded from Mount Elgon, but the two Bagishu skinners from Sipi, western slopes of Elgon, were most emphatic that it is known to them.
Native names. Likene (Luragoli); shakamz (Lutereki).
Coloration. Considerable variation in color is displayed by this series of topotypes; Hollister (1924, p. 11) pointed out the same thing with regard to his series of five from this locality. The general ground color varies from a distinctly grayish buff to a pale ochraceous, much mixed with black above, especially on the shoulders. The white tip- ping of the hairs, if present, results in a frosted appearance, but this is characteristic of immaturity according to Schwarz (1931, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10), 8, p. 249). It might be pointed out that the correct spelling of the type locality is Kakamega, not Kakumega, and it is in Kenya Colony, not Uganda as stated by Schwarz.
Measurements. o'. 340. 65. 75.24 mm., 9. 350. 74. 80. 29 mm.
Diet. Dr. P. J. Darlington has kindly examined the stomach con- tents of one of these animals and reports it to consist of: Fragments and whole examples of some fifteen to twenty ants; pieces of several beetles, probably Scarabaeidae; hair; cotton or plant fibres; plant fragments resembling grasses.
Notes. On the night of our arrival at Kaimosi, February 7, I heard what I took to be a potto in a tree near my tent. A few nights later I definitely heard one in a tree over the tent, the next night at 8.30 p.m. it was startled into defaecating on the tent by a noisy party of natives
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returning homewards along the road. I ran outside with a flashlight and shone its eyes. These glowing eyes seemed very close, so fearful of damaging a valuable specimen I backed off thirty feet further before firing with No. 8 shot from an open barrel. The animal made off and daylight revealed that I was really too far away.
I then offered a reward of two shillings (50 cents U. 8.) for the first potto to be brought in but had to wait a fortnight before one turned up. This potto was alive and practically uninjured having received only a slight bite from a dog on its right hind foot. It was slow and clumsy on the ground but clambered quickly about trees. When put on small trees it invariably clambered downwards, head down, and went in search of a larger tree. Another potto showed that they can really make quite a respectable pace on the ground when so inclined. If molested, they would turn and snap with aston- ishing rapidity.
The best account of the habits of this creature will be found in Pitman (1931, “A Game Warden among his Charges.’”’ London, pp. 158, 274).
Parasites. A tick (Ixodes ugandanus) in the fur of one, and a nema- tode in the stomach.
GALAGIDAE
GALAGO CRASSICAUDATUS LASIOTIS Peters
Galago lasiotts Peters, 1877 (1876), Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 912: Mombasa, Kenya Colony.
Galago crassicaudatus lasiotis Schwarz, 1931, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10), 7, p. 41.
oo Q@ (M. C. Z. 31721-2) Mt. Mbololo, K. C. 19 & 28. iv. 34.
Native name. Mwongagi (Kitaita).
Coloration. Hollister (1924, p. 12) mentions a specimen from this locality which had a white tail tip. The amount of white at the tip is subject to variation. One of our specimens has the terminal third of the tail dark blackish brown, while in the other the distal third is a mixture of pale gray and dark brown but no white.
Measurements. &. 260. 310. 50. 45 mm., 9. 290. 370. 85. 45 mm.
Habitat. The male was shot within a few hundred feet of the male Galago s. braccatus in the rain forest capping the mountain at 4,800 feet. Both were shot the same night at about 7.30 p.m. by shin- ing their eyes, a rather difficult business for these galagoes turn away
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 69
their heads or conceal their eyes very quickly after the light is turned upon them. The second specimen was killed by a native near the foot of the mountain at about 1,500 feet.
GALAGO SENEGALENSIS ALBIPES Dollman
Galago braccatus albipes Dollman, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 4, p. 549: Kirui, Mount Elgon, Kenya Colony. Galago senegalensis albipes Schwarz, 1931, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10), 7, p. 41. o (M.C. Z. 31288) Sipi, U. 21. xii. 33. o 9 (M.C. Z. 31286—7) Kirui, K. C. 18 & 20. 1. 34.
Distribution. This, according to Schwarz, is the form of senegalensis inhabiting the “uplands of Kenya Colony west of the Rift Valley.” In addition to the specimens listed above, the Museum of Compara- tive Zoélogy has one from Mwanza and another from thirty miles south of Tabora, Tanganyika Territory. These are so closely similar that they must be regarded as representing the same race, having uniformly gray backs, and the limbs (especially the hinder pair) faintly washed with buffy.
Native name. Karara (Lugishu); kaerarut (Kimasai); makwinyet (Kitosh).
Measurements. o’. (Kirui) 200. 270. 70. 46 mm., 2. 180. 230. 65. 42 mm.
GALAGO SENEGALENSIS BRACCATUS Elliot
Galago braccatus Elliot, 1907, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 20, p. 187: Tsavo River, near Mount Kilimanjaro, Kenya Colony. Galago senegalensis braccatus Schwarz, 1931, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10), 7, p. 41. @ (M. C. Z. 31724) Tsavo River, K. C. 31. ii. 34. o (M. C. Z. 31725) Mt. Mbololo, K. C. 19. iv. 34.
Native name. Monarang (Kitaita).
Coloration. The topotype has the outer side of the limbs and the middle of the belly washed with pale yellow.
Measurements. o&. 160. 170. 26.30 mm., 2 . 170. 240. 60. 42 mm.
CERCOPITHECIDAE
CERCOPITHECUS NICTITANS SCHMIDTI Matschie
Cercopithecus schmidti Matschie, 1892, Zoél. Anz., 15, p. 161: Forest between Mengo and Mjongo, Uganda.
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Lastopyga ascanius kaimosae Heller, 1913, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 61, No. 17, p. 10: Upper Lukosa River, near the mission station of Kaimosi, Kenya Colony.
307102 (M. C. Z. 31984, 31988-96, 31998-32000) Upper Lukosa River, Kaimosi, K. C. 19. ii.—3. iii. 34.
Distribution. This species has not been recorded from Mount Elgon but I observed two red-tailed monkeys, which I feel reasonably certain were of this race, in company of a troupe of blue monkey (C. m. stuhlmanni) at Sipi.
Native names. Enhondo (Luragoli); ikhondo (Lutereki).
Measurements. co. juv. 220. 295. 76. 26 mm., 2. 490. 680. 125. 25 mm.
Breeding. One of the females shot on March 3 contained an embryo, two others were carrying young of different ages, these measured: POLS 2271. 67..27 mm co. 195. 295: 78022 mim:
Enemies. Both Bagishu and Watereki eat these monkeys and from the skill with which the Watereki boys and men climb lianas in pur- suit of them, I judge that they frequently hunt them.
Habits. | was puzzled, when hunting these monkeys, to note the absence of large males and the preponderance of juveniles. The Watereki who accompanied me, explained that after the first rush of the troupe the males invariably descended to the ground and made off through the underbrush unless the hunters were accompanied by dogs. We tested this statement and found it to be perfectly true. Still there remained the large proportion of young monkeys which, when surprised, made off with shrill piping cries. Undoubtedly the species is very prolific but there seems to be a tendency for the adult females to remain concealed in the foliage when the alarm is given and the youngsters make off. I also observed that where the cover in their immediate vicinity is scanty, the females make a dash for the nearest liana-smothered tree — which are plentiful enough in this magnificent forest—and there seek concealment. Familiar as I am with the ways of colobus and blue monkey, I am confident that neither of these will remain concealed to the extent practised by Schmidt’s Monkey. I have known them to remain quietly with- out giving a sign as the lianas were roughly shaken to the accom- paniment of hoarse cries and shouts, nor even move until a climber was within twenty feet of them. On March 3, I shot eight with ten shots, losing none.
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 71
CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS JOHNSTONI Pocock
(Cercopithecus pygerythrus) johnstoni Pocock, 1907, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 2, p. 738: Moshi, south side of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanganyika Territory. Cercopithecus aethiops johnstoni Schwarz, 1926, Zeitschr. f. Siugetierk., 1, p.40. 3 9 (M. C. Z. 31947-8, 31975) Kibwezi, K. C. 26. ii. 34. o (M. C. Z. 31961) Golbanti, K. C. 22. vi. 34.
Distribution. Also seen at Tsavo.
Native name. Tsavow (Kitaita).
Discussion. The coastal specimens should be nearly like the sup- posed races tumbili (from Ndi) and contingua (from Changamwe). Both these, however, are regarded by Schwarz in his revision as synonyms of johnstont, this race extending from the coast to the Rift Valley in Kenya Colony.
Coloration. These skins are fairly uniform in color, though that of the Golbanti male is distinctly more buffy yellow along the sides than are those of the Kibwezi females.
Measurements. &. 390. 500. 118.33 mm., 2 . 450. 530. 127. 33 mm.
Habitat. These bold little guenons were shot from a large troupe feeding in a wild fig tree close to the station at Kibwezi. The Gol- banti monkey was one of two animals in a tree close to the rest house; on picking it up I was surprised to find a cord tightly about, and almost cutting into its waist. As nobody in the village claimed to have lost a monkey it seems possible that it had been caught in a snare and gnawed itself free.
CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS CALLIDUS (Hollister)
Lasiopyga pygerythra callida Hollister, 1912, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 59, No. 3, p. 1: South end of Lake Naivasha, Kenya Colony. o& juv. 2 (M.C. Z. 31997, 32001) Mt. Debasien, U. i. xu. 33. Q juv. (M. C. Z. 31614) Kirui, Mt. Elgon, K. C. 1. ii. 34.
Native names. Akwadogot (Karamojong); chokea (Kisabei); musoni (Lugishu).
Measurements. 2.515. 560. 115. 33 mm.
Breeding. This female was nursing a young male which was chloro- formed on January 1, 1934, when it measured 212. 270. 68. 28 mm.
Notes. These guenons are common along the gallery forest fringing the Amaler River from 5,000 feet down to the plains of western Deba- sien. Several times troupes slept in the trees in the vicinity of our camp. On November 30 several were secreted in a small but dense clump of foliage in a tall tree at the edge of our camp clearing. They
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remained close until stones rattling through the foliage caused a small monkey to dash out, it was followed shortly afterwards by a monkey carrying a young one on her breast. I could have shot either but refrained. There were plenty of other monkeys in the trees round about but very wary.
On returning to camp at noon on December 1, I was told that monkeys had been in the vicinity all morning; just at that moment a monkey left the tree from which we had dislodged the trio the pre- vious evening. Thinking that it was a solitary male I shot it, it dropped stone dead; when I picked it up I found that it was a nursing female. Shortly afterwards a young monkey started crying in a nearby tree. Blazio, a Baganda cook who was a splendid climber, brought it down from the very topmost branches; as he ascended we saw the other young monkey leave the tree in full view. It seemed certain that this nursing female was being accompanied by her youngster from a pre- vious birth.
From the very first the baby monkey, which I should judge was about a fortnight old, took to sucking milk from an improvised teat attached to a small bottle. At first he took half-a-bottle at a time but within a fortnight this was increased to two bottles. It was an amusing sight to see him standing on his hind legs and holding on to his bottle with both hands as he rapidly absorbed its contents. What a commotion was raised when the first bottle was finished before the second bottle could be substituted! Three weeks after capture he ate biscuits and banana with gusto.
At first we found this monkey rather a nuisance as he wanted to be carried the whole time and squeaked continually to be picked up if left alone. While carried he looked at surrounding objects with great interest, turning his head this way and that. On safari he was tied up in a white cotton sugar bag, dropped into a haversack which was carried by a native. He appeared to appreciate this manner of travel- ling for he never cried and seemed willing to forego regular meal times so long as the motion of being carried continued. He sucked the fingers of his right hand continuously. Unfortunately he developed a complaint of the digestive tract which was rather stubborn and it seemed best to chloroform the little fellow.
CERCOPITHECUS MITIS KIBONOTENSIS Lénnberg
Cercopithecus albogularis kibonotensis Lénnberg, 1908, in Sjéstedt, “Wiss. Ergeb. Schwed. Zoél. Exped. Kilimandjaro, Meru umgeb. Massaisteppen.” 1, No. 2, p. 3: Kibonoto, Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanganyika Territory.
5)
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS fis.
Lasiopyga albogularis maritima Heller, 1913, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 61, No. 17, p. 8: Mazeras, Kenya Colony. Lasiopyga albogularis kima Heller, 1913, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 61, No. 17, p- 9: Mount Mbololo, Taita district, Kenya Colony. Cercopithecus leucampyx kibonotensis Schwarz, 1928, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10), 1, p. 655. g (M. C. Z. 31935) Kibwezi, K. C. 24. iii. 34. os (M. C. Z. 31937) Mt. Mbololo, K. C. 14. iv. 34. 2739 (M.C. Z. 31936, 31962-3, 31973, 32288) Ngatana, K. C. 11-15. vi. 34.
Native names. Ngima (Kitaita); chima (Kipokomo). Being cor- ruptions of the Kiswahili kima.
Discussion. The specimen from Mount Mbololo is a topotype of Heller’s race, kima, but though Hollister (1924, p. 36) treated kima as well as the supposedly paler race maritima as distinct, Schwarz (1928, p. 655) relegates both to the synonymy of kzbonotensis.
Coloration. In our Mbololo specimen the white collar is much less nearly complete than is the case with the Kibwezi monkey where it lacks about 35 mm. of forming a complete ring. :
Measurements. o. (Mbololo) 595. 660. 150 40 mm., 2. 470. 670. 120. 37 mm.
Parasites. Nematodes (Abreviata sp.) were present in Ngatana specimens.
Enemies. Deadfall traps are employed by the Wapokomo to kill these monkeys which they prize as an article of diet.
Habits. These monkeys are very abundant on the summit of Mount Mbololo and, strangely enough, are much less wary than the other creatures of the forest, be they squirrels, blue duiker or hyrax. It may be that they are no longer hunted for food by the Wataita. With a little cautious stalking, one might be certain almost any morning of surprising a party feeding, always a pleasant sight, and watch them until detected by some member of the troupe when all would go bound- ing away for a short distance. Vocally they were very quiet, their presence only being betrayed by movements of the foliage or the dropping of rejected fragments. Occasionally the piping whistle of a young monkey would be heard or more rarely still the deep grunt of a male who had detected the intruder from afar.
CERCOPITHECUS MITIS STUHLMANNI Matschie
Cercopithecus stuhlmanni Matschie, 1893, Sitz. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, p. 225: North of Kingawana, between Lakes Albert Edward and Albert, Belgian Congo.
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Cercopithecus leucampyx elgonis Lonnberg, 1919, Rev. Zoél. Afr., 7, p. 134: Mount Elgon.
9 9 (M.C. Z. 31986, 32003) Sipi, U. 21. xii. 33. 9 2 (M. C. Z. 32002, 32004) Butandiga, U. 10. i. 34. oo @ ge (M. C. Z. 31615, 31985, 31987) Elgonyi, K. C. 25. i. & 4. ii. 34.
Distribution. Mount Elgon apparently marks the northeastern limit of the range of this subspecies.
Native names. Sivul (Kisabei); ekobe (Lugishu); sibolit (Kimasai); kikutust (Xitosh); imwawthondo (Lutereki).
Discussion. Schwarz (1933, Zeit. fiir Siugetierk., 8, p. 278) has shown that mztis should replace leucampyx as the specific name for the monkeys of this group. Previously he stated that Lénnberg’s elgonis is a synonym of stuklmanni, a conclusion in which we would concur after comparing the seven Elgon skins listed above with one from the forests of eastern Ruwenzori.
Measurements. o&. juv. 305. 423. 105. 77 mm., 2. (Sipi) 570. 730. 140. 38 mm.
Breeding. On January 10, I fired at a monkey hiding in dense foliage and it proved to be a nursing female with a young one (9. 285. 362. 82. 30 mm.), both were killed outright with No. 3 shot in the head. There was a fetus in a female killed at Elgonyi on February 4, 1934.
Enemies. The blue monkey is much hunted by the Bagishu for its flesh; at Sipi a small crowd collected while the animals were being skinned. The bodies were carried off by a wrangling party of natives who all but fought over the division of the meat, later one encoun- tered individuals carrying off limbs carefully wrapped in banana leaves. At Butandiga the carcasses were similarly in great demand.
Habits. As with allied races it was found that these blue monkeys associated with troupes of colobus, apparently for mutual protection.
CERCOPITHECUS NEGLECTUS Schlegel Cercopithecus neglectus Schlegel, 1876, Mus. des Pays-Bas, Simiae, p. 70: White Nile(?). & (M. C. Z. 31616) Kirui, K. C. 5. ii. 34. Distribution. The type of this species, now in the British Museum, was secured by Petherick on the White Nile, but Schwarz doubts if
this is the actual place of its origin. Elliot refers to other specimens in the British Museum from north of Lake Rudolf. The general range
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 75
is thus across the great forest westward to the mouth of the Congo, whence, near Brazzaville, came the type of brazzae, regarded by Schwarz as a synonym. Our specimen appears to be the first recorded from Mount Elgon, Kirui’s village being on the southern slopes.
Discussion. The skull, compared with that of C. m. stuhlmanni, shows a number of minor differences, particularly in the width of the posterior narial opening and in the form of the audital bullae which converge to form a deep keel anteroventrally.
Coloration. This Elgon example has the tail black mixed with whitish hairs quite to the tip, instead of being all black as in two specimens from the Cameroons and a third from southeastern Congo. Possibly after all, brazzae may prove to be a recognizable western race.
Measurements. of. 595. 630. 148. 38 mm.
Note. This monkey was killed by a native, aided by his dog, and brought into camp in the flesh.
CERCOCEBUS GALERITUS GALERITUS Peters
Cercocebus galeritus Peters, 1879, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 830, pls. iB and iii: Miatola, mouth of Osi and Tana Rivers, Kenya Colony.
o (M. C. Z. 31934) Wema, Ngatana, K. C. 16. vi. 34.
Distribution. . Very little is known of this mangabey, which seems to be confined to the gallery forest along the lower reaches of the Tana River. It is the only East African representative of the genus east of the general bounds of the central African forests.
Native name. Garawa (Kipokomo).
Measurements. o. 600. 620. 158. 39 mm.
Diet. According to the Wapokomo these animals raid their rice crops but only when such are in close proximity to the forest.
Habits. At dawn one hears the deep-toned bark of the old males soon to be followed by the squeals of the younger mangabeys. The troupes keep much to the ground in the forest though ascending the trees to feed, or when disturbed, to see who is coming. Having located the danger, they drop to the ground and run off to the accompani- ment of an uproar such as one associates with baboons. Sections of the forests were waterlogged and here I encountered the mangabeys in the trees as I waded about in the knee-deep water.
Papilio FURAX Elliot
Papio furax Elliot, 1907, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 20, p. 498: Lake Baringo, Kenya Colony.
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o (M. C. Z. 32006) Kirui, K. C. 6. ii. 34. Q (M. C. Z. 31619) Kaimosi, K. C. 19. ii. 34.
Native names. Echum (Karamojong); nyanya (Kimasai); ngwgr (Luragoli and Lutereki).
Discussion. These are referred to P. furaz, although until a general review of the baboons can be made, it is not possible to make a final estimate of the validity of some of the forms. According to Hollister (1924, p. 18) this species “is readily distinguishable by the shortness of the rostral portion of the skull” from other East African forms. In the Kaimosi skull the distance from the rim of the orbit to the tip of the premaxillary is 99 mm.
Coloration. This Kaimosi specimen, an adult female, has the cen- tral area of the backs of hands and feet blackish with a few ochraceous hairs, and bordered by a paler area. The general color is ochraceous mixed with black.
Measurements. of juv. 340. 255. 115. 52 mm., 9. 710. 350. 181.
2 mm.
Dict. Green vegetable matter in both stomachs, maize being recog- nizable.
Folklore. The following tale is from the Maragoli of Kaimosi. One day a man named Madugi was digging a pit in the forest in which to trap animals. As be was digging, some baboons passed by and hailed him. He answered “ Yoo,” then the baboons asked why was he digging. “I am digging for rats,” replied Madugi. “ Perhaps you are digging a trap in which to catch us and other animals,” suggested the baboons. The man denied this, asserting that he was only digging for rats. However the baboons would not believe him, saying, “ We, ourselves, know that indeed it is a trap which you are digging, come now we will fight with you over this.” ‘With what kind of sticks shall we fight?’ asked Madugi. The baboons answered, “We will fight with tsikhuow (a species of shrub with many leaves).” The man agreed for he knew that tsekhuvu could not harm anyone.
Madugi then procured a branch of tstkhuew and concealed a sword among the leaves. When he was ready he invited the baboons to select one of their number to fight him, and this being done, cried, “Come on and fight, you may begin.’”’ The baboon, armed with a luhuou (singular, i.e. one branch) hit the man and Madugi struck back, his hidden sword piercing the baboon. ‘“ With what are you cutting me,” cried the baboon. Madugi lied, saying, “ Nothing, this is only tsikhuvu.” They continued the fight and as before the baboon
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS We
was wounded by the concealed weapon. This time the baboon cried out, “ You are cutting me with a sword.” “True,” said Madugi, “T have a sword.”’ As soon as they heard this all the other baboons fled and Madugi killed the baboon with whom he had been fighting. Then the man returned home and boasted of the fight in which he had killed a baboon by deceit and treachery.
One day, a long time ago, a certain woman took her baby with her when she went to work in her garden. She did this because she had no little nurse girl with whom to leave the baby. On arriving at the garden she laid the sleeping child in the shade of a tree. Then she proceeded to plant the grain. Later, when the mother returned to get the child she failed to find it. She thought that perhaps she had forgotten just where she had placed it, and was hunting round about when a baboon calling to her, said, “I, myself, stole your child.” Then the mother answered, “Oh, please give me my child, I am ready to return home.”’ The baboon answered, ‘No, I, myself, will not give you your child because I like to look at it.”’
The distracted woman returned home to tell her husband. On hearing the news the man called together the villagers and said, “ My wife took our child with her when she went to work in the garden, and now a baboon has stolen the child.’”’ The neighbours replied, “ Ask your wife to show us this baboon.” The woman accompanied them and pointed out the tree into which the baboon had climbed with the child. On seeing the people peering up into the tree, the baboon called to them, saying, ‘ What will you do if I kill this child.” The people answered, “ You had better give up the child.” The baboon replied, “Leave the child and let me play with it.” On hearing this some of the neighbours said, “It would be well to shoot the baboon with an arrow and recover the child.” Others objected, saying, “It would be unwise to kill the baboon, let him play with the child until he is tired.’”’” The mother of the child also agreed, saying, “It would be best to leave the child with him.”’ It was now about six o’clock in the evening when the people started back to their homes leaving the child with the baboon.
About two hours later the baboon brought the child and placed it outside the door of the mother’s hut, then it took some water and poured it over the child so that the baby cried. The baboon called out, “I, myself, have brought your child.” Then the mother knew that her baby had been returned alive and there was great rejoicing in the home that night.
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Papio IBEANUS Thomas
Papio thoth ibeanus Thomas, 1893, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), 11, p. 46: Lamu, Kenya Colony.
o& (M. C. Z. 31949) Voi, K. C. 11. iv. 34. Skull (M. C. Z. 32287) Kitau, Manda Id., K. C. 15. v. 34.
Type locality. This baboon does not occur at Lamu township on Lamu Island except in captivity. It is, however, exceedingly abundant on the mainland which was formerly known as Lamu district, or loosely “Lamu’’ in the vague way that “Zanzibar’’ was also applied to the mainland opposite though with better justification.
Distribution. Also seen at Kibwezi, Tsavo and Witu. In the dom palm forests just north of Witu they were both numerous and bold, finding a plentiful supply of fruit in the mango trees scattered through the bush, eloquent testimony to the fact that much of this region was under cultivation in the slave era.
Native name. Fubi (Kitaita).
Discussion. The topotypic skull from Manda Island, Lamu dis- trict, is that of a very old male. As the result of an injury, or possibly caused by an abscessresulting from a broken canine, considerable necrosis has taken place in the right suborbital region. The edges of the bone have become somewhat smoothed with a slightly irregular bony deposit at the front and rear edges of the lesion. In this old male, the sutures have all fused, even those of the nasals are quite obliterated. The teeth are worn but in good condition, except that the crown of the middle molar below the wound has gone, and the right canine is broken off. The last molar of the left side is missing and its alveolus wholly resorbed.
The specimen from Voi is provisionally regarded as the same although the rostrum of the skull is considerably shorter, being 109 mm. from orbit to tip of premaxillary as against 124 mm. in the big male from Kitau. Its coat is pale buffy gray, only slightly mixed with black, but it is rather worn and perhaps faded.
Measurements. o&. 800. 620. 315. 70 mm.
PITHECIDAE
COLOBUS POLYKOMOS MATSCHIEI Neumann
Colobus matschiei Neumann, 1899, Sitz. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, p. 15: Kwa Kitoto, near Kisumu, Kenya Colony. Colobus occidentalis matschiei Hollister, 1924, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 99. p. 45.
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Colobus abyssinicus elgonis Granvik, 1924, Lunds Univers. Arsskr. N. F., 21, No. 3, p. 4: Mount Elgon, Kenya Colony. oa’ ((M. C. Z. 31105) Mt. Debasien, U. 16. xi. 33. 3 2 (M.C. Z. 31106, 31617) Elgonyi, K. C. 25. i. 34. o (M. C. Z. 32005) Nandi Forest, K. C. 14. 11. 34.
Distribution. Said not to occur at Sipi and Butandiga on western Elgon but in the forests above the latter locality. Formerly present in the Sipi forests but exterminated by the Bagishu hunters.
Native names. Echumwa (Karamojong); mangesia (Kisabei); lilubis (Lugishu); mongesiet (Kimasai); kendubisi (Kitosh); induvirt (Luragolis); nduvirt (Lutereki).
Coloration. Both Elgonyi specimens have the white brow band wide and continuous; in the Debasien animal it is a trifle narrower. In the former the shoulder stripe nearly reaches the white of the cheeks, but in the latter it is separated from the cheeks by a wider space.
Measurements. o&. (Elgonyi) 650. 640. 180. 40 mm., 2. 630. 630. 168. 38 mm.
Breeding. Immediately after I shot the Elgonyi female, a big young guereza, which had been concealed higher up in the same tree unknown to me, made off. Though not entirely weaned it was well able to take care of itself.
The juvenile male (370. 420. 125. 32 mm.) from the Nandi Forest twenty-five miles east of Kaimosi, was being hugged by its mother, despite its large size. They separated when disturbed. Its stomach held only vegetable matter as far as one could see; there was no trace of milk. -
Enemies. Some Karamojong refused the meat of the Debasien colobus but it was eaten by a party of Acholi in search of work.
Habitat. The Debasien colobus was shot from a party of half-a- dozen in the large wood between the last two hills at the western foot of the mountain. They were fairly plentiful and exceedingly tame on the mountain above 7,000 feet.
In the Elgonyi forest, though their deep throaty cries were heard at least once a day, generally towards sunset, or in response to a shot, I should say that they are not common. A four-hour hunt only revealed two.
CoOLOBUS BADIUS RUFOMITRATUS Peters
Colobus rufomitratus Peters, 1879, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 829, pls. ia and ii: Muniuni, Kenya Colony.
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Colobus badius rufomitratus Schwarz, 1928, Zeitschr. fiir Siugetierk., 3, p. 95. 3o'1 9 (M.C. Z. 31938—41) Wema, Ngatana, K.C. 13 & 16. vi. 34.
Distribution. The four specimens of this rare monkey are from the forests near Wema and Ngatana villages about thirty miles in a direct line from the mouth of the Tana River, therefore not far from the type locality. The type, a male, is in the Berlin Museum; in addition there are a pair from the lower Tana in the British Museum which, according to Schwarz, agree perfectly with the type.
Native name. Mbalawasi (Kipokomo).
Discussion. Schwarz (1928, p. 95) in his review of the red colobi, regards rufomitratus as a geographic race of C. badius, the distribution of which as a species, is now more discontinuous in eastern Africa than that of the black-and-white group for there seems to be no rep- resentative of it in Kenya Colony except in this limited area of gallery forest along the lower Tana.
Coloration. Elliot (1912, 3, p. 123) in his Review of the Primates, states that tephrosceles, the Ruwenzori representative of this form, differs, among other points, in not having any black on the head between the lateral tufts. The Ngatana skins, however, are also without black in this area, the entire crown being uniformly rufous.
Measurements. co. 600. 650. 168.35 mm., 9 . 535. 605. 157. 35 mm. All the males have the same length from snout to anus.
Diet. The Wapokomo stated that these monkeys rarely descend to the ground and never molest their crops of corn and rice which abutted on the forests in which the animals were shot.
Enemies. Neither the Wapokomo nor other natives would touch the meat of these guerezas. Probably freedom from molestation accounts for the quiet way in which these monkeys sunned themselves when it was reasonably quiet.
ANOMALURIDAE
ANOMALURUS JACKSONI de Winton
Anomalurus jacksoni de Winton, 1898, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 1, p. 251: Entebbe, Uganda.
3 2 (M. C. Z. 32335-7) Sipi, U. 18-26. xu. 33.
Distribution. It is not generally known that this sealy-tail occurs in Kenya Colony but a native-made skin was seen at Kaimosi, the animal having been killed locally.
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 81
Native names. Chebkowe (Kisabei); hapa (Lugishu) ; ekima (Kitosh) ; musiondet (Kimasai); lisimba (Lutereki).
Coloration. Two of these flying squirrels are quite as described by de Winton, dark gray above, paler on the forehead, and blackish towards the edge of the membranes; a black muzzle and band through the eye, and a blackish spot about the base of the ear. The third has the ear spot and crown of the head rusty reddish, slightly mixed with grayish, while the hind feet, tibia, as well as the surrounding mem- brane, and a small area posterior to the forearm, are also rusty. A slight tinge of the same is present along the middle half of the tail, and shows faintly in its blackish terminal tuft.
Measurements. 9 . 380. 210. 62. 41 with a “wing” of 196 mm.
Diet. The stomachs of two were full of a mealy substance and free of parasites.
SCIURIDAE
HELIOSCIURUS RUFOBRACHIUM NYANSAE (Neumann)
Sciurus nyansae Neumann, 1902, Sitz. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, p. 56: Kwa Kitoto, near Kisumu, Kenya Colony. 919 (M.C. Z. 30761-2, 30764—-70) Sipi, U. 13-20. xi. 33. Q (M. C. Z. 30773) Butandiga, U. 15. 1. 34. 3419 (M.C. Z. 30763, 30771—-2) Elgonyi, K. C. 25.1. & 5. 11. 34. 4939 (M.C. Z. 30760, 30774-8) Kaimosi, K. C. 19. ii.—7. ii. 34.
Distribution. Said by the natives to occur at Kaburomi (10,500 feet) in the alpine zone of Mount Elgon, but rare at this altitude. This squirrel, which is so common in the Elgon forests, like the local race of Protoxerus at Kaimosi, seems to represent a northeastward out- post of the species, which is characteristic of the rain forest areas.
Native names. Kwereru (Kisabei); kaw (Lugishu); emuna (Kitosh) ; gererut (Kimasai).
Measurements. &. (Sipi) 255. 240. 50.17 mm., 9. (Sipi) 242. 240. 40. 17 mm.
Breeding. At Sipi, on December 12, 1933, a single large embryo was preserved from the uterus of one female, while two embryos were present in a second. At Kaimosi, on March 7, 1934, I heard a subdued ery of kwek-kwek in the undergrowth near my tent and surprised two young squirrels about the size of a little male (145. 140. 46. 14 mm.) shot on February 25, 1934.
The breeding season is evidently early in the year in this locality
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for Heller collected very young squirrels at Kaimosi towards the end of January.
Parasites. Nematodes were numerous in the stomachs of Sipi and Kaimosi squirrels, those from the former locality have been identified by Dr. J. H. Sandground as Protospiura muricola and Strongyluris sp.
HELIOSCIURUS UNDULATUS SHINDI Heller
Heliosciurus rufobrachiatus shindi Heller, 1914, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., 63 No. 7, p. 7: Summit of Mount Umengo, Taita Hills, Kenya Colony.
20 (M. C. Z. 32333-4) Mt. Mbololo, K. C. 14 & 19. iv. 34.
Distribution. Mount Mbololo being just across the valley from Mount Umengo, these specimens are practically topotypes of the race described by Heller on the basis of a single squirrel. His notes are quoted by Hollister (1919, p. 12) to the effect that this form is confined to the remnant of forest capping the extreme summits of the Taita Hills where it is rare, for the type was the only individual seen during a fortnight’s stay on Umengo.
Native names. Heller states that shindi is the Wataita name of this animal whereas my information is that shindi is Kisagalla, and orosh the Kitaita name.
Coloration. ‘The two additional specimens listed above, bear out the characters originally claimed for this race, viz. that the underside differs from that of typical wndulatus in its much paler buffy tint. The throat and upper chest as well as the lower abdomen are much mixed with whitish, forming conspicuous pale areas, as well. The squirrels of this group resemble multicolor in having a broad orange band to the hairs of the dorsum, concealed by the succeeding black band and pale tip.
Measurements. of. 238. 285. 538. 18 mm
Habitat. Both were shot within thirty yards of the same spot at 4,800 feet on the very summit of Mount Mbololo, and were the only ones seen during a fortnight’s camping on the summit.
HELIOSCIURUS MULTICOLOR ELEGANS Thomas
Heliosciurus multicolor elegans Thomas, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 4, p-. 103: Mount Elgon, Kenya Colony.
& Q@ (M.C. Z. 31282-3) Karita River camp, Karamojo, U. 9. xi. 33. 497 19 (M.C. Z. 31277-80, 31285) Mount Debasien, U. 14. xi-1. xii. 33.
Distribution. This squirrel was not met with on Mount Elgon; it is
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 83
probably found on the eastern slopes where the dry conditions approxi- mate more to those of Mount Debasien.
Native names. Eles (Karamojong).
Coloration. This is a pale squirrel with white underparts, and a pattern of dorsal hairs resembling that of Heliosciwrus undulatus in having a blackish base, followed by a wide orange-rufous band, then a black band and a pale tip. The orange-rufous band is concealed by the terminal parts of the coat.
Measurements. Oo’. 223. 224. 38. 14 mm., 2. 215. 250. 46. 12 mm. Both from Mount Debasien, the Karita River squirrels being sub- adult.
Diet. The Karita River specimens betrayed their presence by the dropping of acorns as they fed in a big tree beneath which my tent was pitched.
Disease. The genital region of one male was diseased, charac- terized by a huge swelling which the native skinner reported as being full of aqueous matter.
Habitat. All the Debasien squirrels were shot in gallery forest along the Amaler River or adjacent dry watercourses above 5,000 feet.
PROTOXERUS STANGERI BEA Heller
Protoxerus stangert bea Heller, 1912, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 59, No. 16, p. 2: Lukosa River, Kakamega Forest, Kenya Colony.
995 9 (M.C. Z. 30746-59) Kaimosi, K. C. 9. ii.—7. ili. 34.
Distribution. This fine series of topotypes was secured in the Kaka- mega Forest by the Lukosa River and neighborhood of Kaimosi. As mentioned by Hollister, the discovery of this race constituted an important eastward extension of the range of this western squirrel.
Native names. Kisila (Luragoli); shiseera (Lutereki).
Measurements. &. 320. 317. 67. 25 mm., 9. 315. 310. 65. 22 mm.
Breeding. On February 12, 1934, a young o. 157. 133. 43. 12 mm. was brought in. It had a pure white tail, totally unlike the adults.
Diet. One male was shot as he descended a tree, head downwards, with a large apple-like fruit, measuring 50 mm. in diameter, in his mouth. —
MYOXIDAE
CLAVIGLIS PARVUS PARVUS (True)
Eliomys parvus True, 1893, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 601: Tana River, between the coast and Hameye, Kenya Colony.
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Graphiurus parvus parvus Hollister, 1919, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 99, p. 154. o (M. C. Z. 32066) Ngatana, K. C. 15. vi. 34.
Native name. Neki (Kipokomo).
Discussion. This solitary example of the dormice of this group is referred to True’s species, of which it is a topotype, although it seems likely that it may prove to be conspecific with mzcrotis when the inter- relationships of the dormice can be worked out more carefully.
Coloration. Its short gray fur, white hind feet and less gray under- side are distinguishing characters from the group to which saturatus belongs.
Measurements. o&. 83. 75. 15. 12 mm.
Habitat. Captured in my tent which was pitched beneath a wild fig tree surrounded by grasslands and swamps, near Wema village.
CLAVIGLIS SATURATUS (Dollman)
Graphiurus macrotis saturatus Dollman, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 5, p. 204: South face of Mount Elgon at 9,000 feet, Kenya Colony.
Q (M. C. Z. 31589) Mt. Debasien, U. 21. xi. 33. 2 712 9 Syng. (M. C. Z. 31571-88, 31597) Butandiga, U. 8-14. 1. 34. o (M. C. Z. 31598) Elgonyi, K. C. 5. ii. 34. 20 6 9 (M.C. Z. 31590-6, 31599) Kaimosi, K.C. 19. ii.—5. iii. 34.
Distribution. The dormouse from Elgonyi is almost topotypic as it comes from the south face of Mount Elgon at 7,000 feet.
Native names. Isene (Lugishu and Kitosh); kererut (Kimasai); kizuguzu (Luragoli); shitzigutzw (Lutereki).
Coloration. In contrast to the series from Mount Elgon, which are unstained below, the specimen from Mount Debasien has the whole ventral side of the throat and upper chest, lips, lower cheeks and fore arms stained a brilliant rusty, probably from some food such as pollen on which it had been feeding.
There is a slight amount of variation in the color of the dorsum, some grayer and darker, some faintly more ochraceous, and a few with a decided brownish tinge, perhaps a result of fading. The dark bases of the belly hairs show through prominently. As usual, many exhibit broken tails with the terminal hairs of the stump white. This large series includes a number of small, youngish examples.
Measurements. co. (Kaimosi) 98. 80. 17. 13 mm., 2. (Debasien) 105. 90. 16. 15 mm.
)
CO
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 5)
Breeding. At Butandiga, on January 14, 1934, a single very young dormouse (50. 30. 11.5 mm.) was brought in, its tail being rat-like, not heavily furred like those of the adults. Four were taken from another nest by a native who did not bring them to me until the fol- lowing day after two had died. An examination of their stomachs showed that they were still being suckled. The two live ones were hungry and twittering like small birds, warm cow’s milk was offered them in the palm of one’s hand and they commenced to lap almost immediately. This diet, however, even when diluted did not suit them too well for they developed digestive troubles and succumbed some three weeks later.
Diet. The natives claim that these dormice are very fond of bananas.
Enemies. It was also said that they were very abundant in the Maragoli country (Kaimosi and vicinity) but were being driven away or exterminated by the introduction of roof rats (Rattus r. kijabius).
Habitat. During the fortnight that I was at Elgonyi I constantly urged the natives to bring in dormice as I was only two thousand feet below the type locality. But beyond stating that they were familiar with it as a dweller in their bananas at the foot of the mountain, they failed to secure any.
My tent was pitched in a clearing of the forest about fifteen feet from the base of a giant, twisted, forest tree that reminded me of one at Madehani above Lake Nyasa. From that tree I had obtained a series of Claviglis s. collaris (Allen & Loveridge, 1933, p. 122) where they were associated with a tree rat (Hylomyscus weilerz). For several nights after our arrival I visited this tree at Elgonyi with a flashlight but without result. I sent a native up to search for signs of rodents but he failed to find either tracks or nests. After we had been in camp a week we purchased a bunch of unripe bananas and hung them against the trunk of this tree to ripen.
The following day, my wife drew my attention to a couple of ban- anas that had been slightly eaten. After a careful examination I dismissed the idea of fruit bats being the culprits, then, discovering a dropping wedged between two of the bananas, postulated a dor- mouse as the robber. I removed the bunch to another place, nailed a rat trap to the branch where the bunch had hung and baited the trap with a fragment of banana. Next morning the bait was gone but the trap unsprung. The day after the bait was again taken and the trap sprung. The third morning furnished the same result as the second nor could I detect hairs upon the cloth which was wound round the wire of the trap to prevent injury to the hoped-for specimen.
86 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
An hour before sunset on the third day I was approaching the trap to reset it when I heard a rustle among the dry leaves among the buttress roots of the giant tree. Looking down, I saw the bright eyes of a rat (Praomys t. jacksoni) watching me, it was within eighteen inches of my feet and had doubtless just emerged from a cavity at the base of the tree into which it promptly disappeared. I removed the trap from above and set it at the entrance of the hole, then went to dinner. The meal over, I returned to remove a Praomys from the trap before resetting it. Five minutes later I heard a snap and going to the trap took out another Praomys. Having reset the trap, I put another down at a similar opening on the far side of the tree. I had not left ten minutes when both traps went off almost simul- taneously. In one was a third Praomys which, like its predecessors, had been killed by a blow on the back of the neck. In the other was a live dormouse held by one foreleg.
CRICETIDAE
DIPoDILLUS PUSILLUS (Peters)
Gerbillus pusillus Peters, 1878, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 201: Ndi, Taita, Kenya Colony. Dipodillus percivalt Dollman, 1914, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 14, p. 488: Voi, Kenya Colony. 197129 (M.C. Z. 32088-91, 32094-7, 32100-4) Voi, K.C. 9. iv. 34. 20% 39 (M.C. Z. 32092-3, 32098-9, 32105) Mt. Mbololo. 23. iv. 34.
Distribution. The series from Voi are topotypes of percivali which, as previously supposed by Hollister (1919, p. 25), is synonymous with pusillus of Peters. The Mbololo series are almost topotypic of the latter.
Native names. Monguru (Kisagalla); corrupted to mongulu (Kitaita).
Measurements. co. (Voi) 98. 100. 20.9 mm., 2. (Mbololo) 85. 110. 18. 10 mm.
Breeding. About half the series of eighteen gerbils are immature.
Enemies. One was recovered from the stomach of a sand boa (Eryx c. loveridget).
TATERA VICINA VICINA (Peters)
Gerbillus vicinus Peters, 1878, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 200: Kitui, Ukamba, Kenya Colony.
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 87
Tatera mombasae Wroughton, 1906, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 17, p. 493: Takaungu, Kenya Colony.
og 2 2 (M. C. Z. 32116-7, 32119) Voi, K. C. 10. iv. 34. o (M. C. Z. 32118) Mt. Mbololo, K. C. 28. iv. 34.
Native names. Gue (Kisagalla); ngorobo (Kitaita).
Discussion. The much more prominently tufted tail-tip and the slightly smaller size (hind foot 31-34 mm.) distinguish this gerbil from T. nigricauda which occurs in the same area.
Measurements. o&. (Mbololo) 125. 170. 32. 18 mm., 2. (Voi) 124. 110. 27. 22 mm.
TATERA NIGRICAUDA NIGRICAUDA (Peters)
Gerbillus nigricaudus Peters, 1878, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 200: Ndi, Taita, Kenya Colony. @ (M. C. Z. 32182) Kibwezi, K. C. 27. iti. 34. 3019 (M.C. Z. 32113-4, 32180-1) Voi, K. C. 11. iv. 34. o (M. C. Z. 32115) Peccatoni, K. C. 24. v. 34. @ (M. C. Z. 32179) Ngatana, K. C. 18. vi. 34. 3 o (M. C. Z. 2120-1, 32178) Malindi, K. C. 29. vi. 34.
Native name. The Wapokomo only apply the Kiswahili panya to this gerbil; the Wasagalla and Wataita do not differentiate it from the last species.
Discussion. The adults agree in having the long tail black on its upper surface to the very tip, with only a slight admixture of paler buffy hairs towards the base. They differ from vicina in the much shorter hairs of the terminal tail tuft, and in the larger hind foot (36-43 mm.). The color of the face differs in being duller, a mixed grayish instead of clear bright buff in the paler areas. The character of the tail tuft in the young of both species is like that of the respective adults.
Measurements. o. (Voi) 160. 181. 34. 20 mm., 9. (Ngatana) 160. 182. 40. 22 mm.
Breeding. 'Two of the Malindi series are juvenile, measuring 85. 101. 31.15 mm.
Diet. The Kibwezi gerbil was trapped with cheese, all the others with bread.
TATERA NIGRITA Wroughton
Tatera nigrita Wroughton, 1906, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 17, p: 491: Masindi, Unyoro, Uganda.
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Q (M. C. Z. 31351) Kirui, K. C. 18. i. 34. @ (M. C. Z. 31352) Kaimosi, K. C. 9. ni. 34.
Distribution. These records constitute a slight eastward extension of the range which was formerly confined to Uganda.
Natiwwe names. Oonga (Lugishu); muragutyet (Kimasai); emata (kitosh).
Discussion. These two specimens agree in being very much darker above than is usual in East African species of the genus Tatera. Their tails are dark above and buffy below, as described by Wroughton. The fore claws are notably long and stout, the skull with broader molars and larger bullae (11-11.5 mm. in length) as compared with those of 7. nigricauda to which species they otherwise bear a slight resemblance. Although nigrita has been described as a small gerbil, our two examples are as large as 7. n. nigricauda.
Measurements. 9 . (Kirui) 162. 160. 22. 23 mm.
RHIZOMYIDAE
'TACHYORYCTES RUDDI Thomas
Tachyoryctes ruddi Thomas, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 4, p. 546: Kirui, Mount Elgon, Kenya Colony. 875 @ (M.C. Z. 30779-83, 30785-92) Sipi, U. 12-18. xii. 33. 2 o (M. C. Z. 30793, 30801) Kaburomi, U. 28. xii. 33. 1% (M. C. Z. 30799) Bukori, Kitosh, K. C. 18. i. 34. 49°39 (M.C. Z. 30784, 30794-8, 30800) Kirui, K. C. 20. i. 34.
Natwe names. Bumoongwet (Kisabei); wnungwet (Kimasai); ifuko (Lugishu and Kitosh).
Coloration. One young one is grayish, another black as were all the young ones rejected by Loveridge. This is the normal color of the young according to Hollister (1919, p. 41) as distinct from the brown pelage of the adults, though one adult has remained black.
Measurements. o. (Sipi) 215. 64. 28. 10 mm., 9. (Kirui) 210. 65. 30. 8 mm.
Enemies. The Wanderobo women are expert in handling these big mole rats for they are eaten as a matter of course. They can be picked up by the tail quite safely though to the accompaniment of shrill squeaks. They bite fiercely with their huge teeth at a stick or other object with which they may be restrained.
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 89
MURIDAE DENDROMUS INSIGNIS INSIGNIS Thomas
Dendromus insignis Thomas, 1903, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 12, p. 341: Nandi, Kenya Colony. 70°49 (M.C. Z. 31211-2, 31214—22) Sipi, U. 13-22. xii. 33. Q@ (M. C. Z. 31208) Butandiga, U. 8. 1. 34. o Q@ (M.C. Z. 31174, 31176) Kirui, K. C. 25. i. & 9. ii. 34. 97°52 (M.C. Z. 31181-9, 31193, 31195, 31197—-8, 31203) Kaimosi, K.C. 14-20. i. 34.
Distribution. Hollister (1919, p. 48) has already recorded this very common species of tree mouse from Kaimosi. Though given rank as a distinct species, it seems likely that this striped-back group is more closely related to the South African form.
Native names. Chapchorogos (Kisabei); mandiosi (Lugishu); chep- toragopst (Kimasai); mulubendi (Kitosh); kisie (Luragoli); tsorodoni (Lutereki).
Measurements. o. (Sipi) 90. 102. 21. 15 mm., 2. (Sipi) 90. 104. 22. 1o.mm.
Enemies. One was recovered from the stomach of a tree viper (Atheris squamigera) at Kaimosi.
DENDROMUS WHYTEI PALLESCENS Osgood
Dendromus whytet pallescens Osgood, 1910, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Series, 10, No. 2, p. 7: Ulukenya Hills, Kenya Colony.
o @ (M.C. Z. 31223-4) Sipi, U. 14 & 22. xii. 33. ao 292 (M.C. Z. 31210, 31230, 31232) Butandiga, U. 8-14. 1. 34. 4+1 9 (M.C. Z. 31175, 31180, 31225-7) Kirui, K. C. 6-9. ii. 34. o 29 (M. C. Z. 31196, 31228-9) Kaimosi, K. C. 10 & 20. 11. 34.
Distribution. This is a much smaller species than D. 7. insignis but occurs alongside it as do also the following species.
Measurements. &. (Kaimosi) 77. 90. 18. 12 mm., 9. (Butandiga) 76. 86. 18. 13 mm.
DENDROMUS RUDDI Wroughton
Dendromus ruddi Wroughton, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 5, p. 275: Malakisi, Mount Elgon, Kenya Colony.
2939 (M.C. Z. 31231, 31234-7) Butandiga, U. 8-14. i. 34.
Type locality. The village of Malakisi is not on Mount Elgon but lies at the southern foot to the west of Bukori. I passed through it
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when motoring from Mbale to Bukori as it is on the mainroad skirt- ing the mountain.
Native name. Tsuru (Lugishu). The Bagishu distinguish between this unstriped species and the others which display a dorsal line.
Measurements. &. 68.90. 16.12 mm., 2.60. 70.15.17 mm.
Enemies. On January 13, three very young unstriped tree mice and seven adult striped D. acracus were brought in alive. As we already had as much skinning to accomplish as we could handle, I put these mice into a large can with quantities of soft grass, bread, and cheese. Later in the evening I heard squeaks proceeding from the tin and on examining them found that all the three young had been killed, and partly devoured, by the adults.
DENDROMUS ACRAEUS Wroughton
Dendromus acraeus Wroughton, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 4, p. 541: Kirui, Mount Elgon, Kenya Colony. 1+5%2 9? (M.C. Z. 31204~7, 31209, 31233) Butandiga, U. 8-14. i. 34. 3 young (M. C. Z. 31177-9) Kirui, K. C. 9. ii. 34. 5029 (M.C. Z. 31190-2, 31194, 31199-202) Kaimosi, K. C. 14-20. i. 34.
Distribution. This species of small size and with an obsolete black median line, seems to be about as common as D. 7. insignis and occurs in the same localities.
Measurements. co. (Kaimosi) 68. 80. 16. 10 mm., 2 . (Kaimosi) 73. 105. 18. 12 mm.
ZELOTOMYS HILDEGARDEAE VINACEUS Heller
Zelotomys hildegardae (sic) vinaceus Heller, 1912, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 59, No. 16, p. 10: Mount Mbololo, Taita Hills, at 3,000 feet, Kenya Colony (amended, see below).
3 9 (M. C. Z. 32086-7) Mt. Mbololo at 3,000 ft., K. C. 24-25. iv. 34.
Type locality. In the original description, this reads: “ Ndi, Mount Mbololo.”” As Ndi is a small railway station on the plains some dis- tance from the foot of the mountain, and an unlikely spot in which to find a rain-forest species, Mr. Heller was communicated with and confirms the supposition that “Mount Mbololo, near Ndi’ was intended, as the mountain was so little known at that time.
Discussion. These two topotypes agree precisely with the original description. Their close color resemblance to the local‘race of Mas- tomys has been remarked upon by Heller and Thomas though the
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 91
former states that in life vinaceus is distinguishable by the pinkish tint of the paler parts of the tail.
Osgood (1910, p. 7), when erecting the genus, gave the mammary formula as 2 — 2 = 8, but Thomas (1915, p. 481) found three pairs of pectorals in Congo specimens making 3 — 2 = 10. One of the above specimens is an adult female with well-developed mammae of which we are able to discover but two pectoral pairs, so that there is probably some variation in this respect.
Nothing was learned of the habits of this interesting animal, which is still rare in collections. The slightly proclivous upper incisors, and rather shortened skull, may indicate that it is somewhat of a bur- rower.
Measurements. of. 130. 105. 23. 16 mm., 9. 130. 108. 22. 15 mm.
THAMNOMYS SURDASTER POLIONOPS Osgood
Thamnomys surdaster polionops Osgood, 1910, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Series, 10, No. 2, p. 8: Ulukenya Hills, Kenya Colony.
o (M.C. Z. 32171) Mt. Mbololo, K. C. 17. iv. 34.
Coloration. This single specimen is a decided shade darker gray, and a trifle less deep in its rusty ochraceous back, than a series from Tanganyika Territory considered as representative of typical swr- daster. Hollister (1919, p. 58), commenting on a series from Mount Mbololo, regards them as “somewhat intermediate between typical polionops and the Kilimanjaro form”’ but “clearly nearest’’ to the former.
Measurements. o. 122. 170. 26. 15 mm.
Diet. Trapped with bread as a bait at 4,800 feet.
THAMNOMYS SURDASTER ELGONIS Thomas
Thamnomys surdaster elgonis Thomas, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 5, p. 282: Malakisi, south foot of Mount. Elgon, Kenya Colony.
Thamnomys surdaster discolor Thomas, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 5, p. 283: Kakamega Forest, Kenya Colony.
Thamnomys surdaster insignis Dollman, 1911, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 7, p. 528: south face of Mount Elgon at 9,000 feet, Kenya Colony.
29 (M. C. Z. 31384-5) Mt. Debasien, U. 22-23. xi. 33. oS juv. (M.C. Z. 31213) Sipi, Mt. Elgon, U. 20. xii. 33.
o (M. C. Z. 31386) Butandiga, U. 10. 1. 34. Q@ (M. C. Z. 31387) Kirui, K. C. 28. i. 34. @ (M. C. Z. 31238) Elgonyi, K. C. 5. 11. 34. o @ (M.C. Z. 31382-3) Kaimosi, K. C. 19. 11. & 7. iii. 34.
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Distribution. The Kirui specimen is almost topotypie of elgonis, the Elgonyi of insignis, while the pair from Kaimosi are topotypes of discolor. We fail to see any reasons, taxonomic or geographic, for keeping them distinct.
Native names. Araraget (Kisabei); sungama (Lugishu and Kitosh).
Discussion. This thicket mouse of the moist, forested Elgon-Kaka- mega region is distinguished by the contrasted dark central marking on the metatarsals. In other respects it is very similar to typical surdaster, of which it should undoubtedly be considered a local race.
Coloration. The two mice from Mount Debasien, as well as one from Mount Kenya and another from Nyeri in the Museum collection, differ from the rest of the series in wholly lacking any trace of the ochraceous buffy line bounding the white of the underparts from cheeks to ankle. Instead the line of demarcation is abrupt and the sides of the body buffy gray, backs of the feet pale ochraceous buff, and head and shoulders slightly grayer than the back. In skull char- acters and other respects, however, they show no significant differ- ences from the rest of the series.
Measurements. o. (Kirui) 112. 161. 22. 16 mm., 2. (Butandiga) 125. 172. 23. 17 mm.
Breeding. The very young male (72. 90. 17. 13 mm.) was brought in alive at Sipi on December 20, 1934.
Dict. The Elgonyi mouse was trapped with unripe banana as bait.
OENOMYS BACCHANTE EDITUS Thomas & Wroughton
Oenomys bacchante editus Thomas & Wroughton, 1910, Trans. Zodél. Soc. London, 19, p. 509: Mubuku Valley, Mount Ruwenzori, Uganda. 70492 (M.C. Z. 31626-34, 31650-1) Sipi, U. 13-20. xii. 33. 2729 (M.C. Z. 31635-8) Butandiga, U. 8-10. i. 34. 505 @ (M.C. Z. 31639-49) Kaimosi, K. C. 10-19. ii. 34.
Native names. Bunwe (Lugishu); indioro (Luragoli); nangeti (Lute- reki).
Coloration. This large series from Mount Elgon and Kakamega is referred to editus, following Hollister’s (1919, p. 64) determination of those from the latter region in the United States National Museum. As was the case with his series, there is much individual variation in the depth and extent of the rufous areas. Two of the Butandiga rats have the outer and inner sides of the ears deep bright rufous, others from the same locality are dark-eared. An extreme variant from Mount Elgon has the whole of the posterior half of the back tinged with rufous.
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 93
Measurements. of. (Kaimosi) 180. 200. 30. 20 mm., 9 . (Kaimosi) 175. 185. 30. 20 mm.
Enemies. At Kaimosi, where rusty-nosed rats were very abundant, they were recovered from the stomachs of the following animals and reptiles: Civet (Civettictis c. schwarzi), genet (Genetta s. stuhlmannz), tree civet (Nandinia b. arborea), mongoose (Herpestes 7. funestus), mamba (Dendraspis jamesoni) and nose-horned viper (Bitis nasi- cornis).
Rattus RATTUS KiJABIUS (Allen)
Mus kijabius J. A. Allen, 1909, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 169: Kijabe, Kenya Colony. o juv. (M. C. Z. 31336) Mt. Debasien, U. 18. xi. 33. 262 2 (M. C. Z. 31332—5) Sipi, U. 12. xa. 33: ow 2 9 (M.C. Z. 31337-9) Elgonyi, K. C. 24. i. 34. o (M. C. Z. 32177) Golbanti, K. C. 28. vi. 34.
Distribution. As Hollister (1919, p. 68) has pointed out, this house rat differs from the race inhabiting the southern United States and the Mediterranean region. It may prove to be a native variety or possibly have been introduced.
Native names. Miri (Karamojong); mabaja (Lugishu); gummabat (Kisabei); mabageet (Kimasai); kimbeba (Kitosh); lijunga (Luragoli) ; lichungu (Lutereki); ndeba (Kitaita); panya (Kipokomo and Kis- wahili).
Coloration. Typically this is a dark, slaty-bellied rat with a dark gray back, not much mixed with brown. The male from Golbanti, Tana River, however, is pure white below to the roots of the hairs. In this respect it corresponds to the rural form of house rats in parts of Asia where the slaty-bellied forms are usually found about towns.
Measurements. &. (Sipi) 188. 206. 31. 23 mm., 2. (Sipi) 180. 192. 30. 22 mm.
Breeding. This large Sipi female held nine big embryos on December 12, 1933.
Diet. The Debasien rat was trapped with meat bait in the tent after it had disturbed me several times by knocking things over. According to the Maragoli, when these rats arrived in the Kakamega country they drove out the dormice (Claviglis saturatus) which were formerly very common there.
Enemies. A very big rat, measuring seven and a half inches from snout to anus, was recovered from the stomach of a thirty-two inch House Snake (Boaedon lineatus) at Kaimosi, a smaller rat was taken
94 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
from a second House Snake in the same locality and a big one from a Puff Adder (Bitis arietans) at Bukori.
Habitat. In corroboration of the authors’ views given above, it is interesting to note that the white-bellied rat was taken in the rice fields situated some distance from the village of Golbanti.
AETHOMYS KAISERI MEDICATUS (Wroughton)
Mus medicatus Wroughton, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 4, p. 540: Mumias, Kenya Colony.
1+o @ (M.C. Z. 31340-1, 313853) Mt. Debasien, U. 14-29. xi. 33.
Distribution. Hollister (1919, p. 71) has recorded many examples of this subspecies from Uganda as well as from the Kakamega region.
Native name. Lonang (Karamojong).
Coloration. 'Two of the series are immature, the adult female agrees in its buffy sides and mixed buffy-and-black middorsal area with skins of this race from the Guaso Nyiro country.
Measurements. & imm. 125. 121. 21. 19 mm., 2. 160. 130+. 30. 21 mm.
Diet. The male was taken in a trap baited with mealie porridge.
PRAOMYS TULLBERGI JACKSONI (de Winton) Mus jacksoni de Winton, 1897, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), 20, p. 318: Entebbe,
Uganda. 55 (M. C. Z. 31389-93, 31415, 31476-9) Sipi, U. 14-20. xii. 33. (M. C. Z. 31394) Butandiga, U. 12. 1. 34. . C. Z. 31396-9) Elgonyi, K. C. 5-7. i. 34. C.
M. Z. 31388) Kirui, K. C. 25. i. 34. M. C. Z. 31395) Kaimosi, K. C. 25. ii. 34.
Native names. Morong (Kisabei); changwaset (Kimasai); imbagula (Lugishu) ; 7sakula (Lutereki).
Coloration. There is more or less individual variation in the amount of russet in the pelage, which seems to increase with age till in some specimens it is nearly clear rufous about the base of the tail.
Measurements. o’. 130. 145. 25. 21 mm., 9. 130. 148. 25. 20 mm. Both these rats were from Elgonyi; at Sipi they averaged much smaller, viz. co’. 120. 126. 24. 20 mm., 2. 122. 135. 25. 18 mm., even so this male was much larger than the general run of males taken at Sipi.
Diet. Trapped with banana at Elgonyi as related under Claviglis saturatus; with a cheese bait in my tent at Kaimosi.
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 95
Enemies. At Kaimosi one was recovered from the stomach of a mongoose (Herpestes %. funestus), another from a tree viper (Atheris squamigera) on February 24, 1934.
Habitat. So abundant was this species in the forest surrounding the clearing where I camped above Sipi, that we took nine in ten traps put out the first night of trapping.
PRAOMYS TAITAE (Heller)
Epimys taitae Heller, 1912, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 59, No. 16, p. 9: Mount Mbololo, Taita Hills, Kenya Colony.
of 22 (M.C. Z. 32131, 32124-5) Mt. Mbololo, K. C. 18. iv. 34.
Distribution. As this rat has only been taken from the Taita Hills it may have rather a restricted range.
Discussion. This species seems to be quite distinct from the larger P. tullbergi and its races. P. taitae has a smaller body and feet and a much shorter skull in which the line of supraorbital beading is present as a barely indicated ridge.
Measurements. & juv. 62.48.17.10mm., 9 ad. 95. 120. 22. 18 mm.
Breeding. This female and her two young were dug from among loose mold and dead leaves which had drifted between the huge but- tress roots of a giant tree at the lower edge of the forest at about 4,000 feet.
Mastomys coucua TINCTUS (Hollister)
Rattus coucha tinctus Hollister, 1918, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., 66, No. 10, p. 1: Kaimosi, Kenya Colony. 30°79 (M.C. Z. 31400-9) Mt. Debasien, U. 20-29. xi. 33. o juv. (M. C. Z. 31780) Greeki River, U. 7. xi. 38. O (Me ©7752 31414)) Karn, Ki. C2 Wei. 34. 49 (M. C. Z. 31410-3) Kaimosi, K. C. 20. ii-8. iii. 34.
Native names. Loyokomur (Karamojong); tkaria (Lugishu).
Coloration. Hollister (1919, p. 89) defines this as a large race of dark tint whose underparts are only slightly paler than its sides. Most of the series listed above are not fully adult but the hair of their bellies, though with the usual gray bases, is rather contrastingly white-tipped. The rats forming the Mount Debasien series are also mostly subadult, but scarcely differ from the Kaimosi topotypes, though possibly a very little paler grayish above.
Measurements. of. (Debasien) 130. 108. 23. 19 mm., 2. (Kaimosi) 130.-112. 22. 18 mm.
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Breeding. The male from Greeki River, December 7, 1933, was one of four young (83. 80. 22. 17 mm.) trapped the same day but damaged by ants.
Enemies. One was recovered from the stomach of a tree viper (Atheris squamigera) at Kaimosi on February 21, 1934.
MASTOMYS COUCHA HILDEBRANDTII (Peters)
Mus hildebrandtii Peters, 1878, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 200: Ndi, Taita, Kenya Colony.
o& (M. C. Z. 32189) Kibwezi, K. C. 27. iii. 34.
a ot’ (M. C. Z. 32130, 32183) Peceatoni, K. C. 25. v. 34. 5 9 (M.C. Z. 32126-28, 321845, 32187) Ngatana, K.C. 12-19. vi. 34. 9 9 (M. C. Z. 32186, 32129) Golbanti, K. C. 23. vi. 34.
& (M. C. Z. 32189) Malindi, K. C. 30. vi. 34.
Distribution. The specimens from the Tana region are probably best referred to hildebrandtii. The immatures are less blue gray than are rats from near Mombasa which represent the race durumae.
Native name. Panya (Kipokomo, who do not appear to have speci- fic names for rodents).
Measurements. o&. (Malindi) 155. 182. 31. 21 mm., 9. (Ngatana) 138. 122. 22. 17 mm.
Breeding. At Golbanti, June 23, 1934, a female, which had sixteen breasts in milk, together with her thirteen young (68. 60. 19. 13 mm.) was dug from a nest of grass situated about a foot beneath the sur- face, in clay, at the edge of a rice field. The sedges, which formerly covered the site of the nest, had been cut down and spread over the ground like a carpet. In addition to two entrances to the nest there were a number of blind alleys, some of which were probably for drain- age purposes.
Enemies. Two in the stomach of a serval (Felis ¢. hindec) near Golbanti.
Parasites. Mites were numerous on the mother.
LEGGADA TRITON TRITON Thomas
Leggada triton triton Thomas, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 4, p. 548: Kirui, Mount Elgon, Kenya Colony.
3.711 9 5young (M. C. Z. 31482, 31498, 31530-6, 31552-61) Sipi, U. 14-22. xii. 33. 310 2 (M. C. Z. 31537-47, 31550-1) Butandiga, U. 8-13. i. 34. 1 (M. C. Z. 31515) Kirui, K. C. 6. ii. 34. 73 42 (M.C.Z.31548-9, 31562-70) Kaimosi, K. C. 9-21. ii. 34.
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 97
Distribution. Occurring alongside L. g. grata in all these localities, where both species are abundant. The topotype is without sex or measurements as it was obtained by a skinner, who could neither read nor write, who was sent to Kirui to ask for it specifically by its native name,
Native names. Chepchom (Kisabei); mbuhu (Lugishu); hkivudu (Luragoli) ; shtvwdu (Lutereki).
Measurements. o&. (Kaimosi) 85. 54. 15. 12 mm., 2. (Kaimosi) 85. 55. 14. 12 mm.
Breeding. At Sipi, on December 20, 1933, three nestling young were brought in, on the 22nd another. —
Enemies. At Butandiga a female had a truncated tail, healed, though half was missing. One of these pygmy mice was recovered from the stomach of a house snake (Boaedon lineatus).
LEGGADA BELLA BELLA Thomas
Leggada bella Thomas, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 5, p. 87: Machakos, Kenya Colony.
3 (M. C. Z. 31512-4) Kirui, K. C. 6. ii. 34.
Distribution. This white-bellied pygmy mouse was apparently far less common in the Elgon region than the other two species, triton and grata. These three were obtained by Loveridge’s skinner under the conditions mentioned above.
LEGGADA BELLA VICINA Thomas Leggada bella vicina Thomas, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 5, p. 88: Taka- ungu, near Mombasa, Kenya Colony. o (M. C. Z. 32190-1) Kitau, Manda Id., K. C. 16 & 18. v. 34. Distribution. Said to occur in houses at Lamu, Lamu Island, though Loveridge failed to obtain any during the week that he was there.
Measurements. &. 57.40. 11.8 mm., 9. 54. 48. 11. 10 mm. Habitat. Captured in a ruined hut.
LEGGADA GRATA GRATA Thomas Leggada grata Thomas, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 4, p. 549: Mubuku Valley, Mount Ruwenzori, Uganda.
5 #9 9 3young (M. C. Z. 31481, 31483-97, 32192) Sipi, U. 19-22. xii. 33. 5 729 (M.C. Z. 31499-505) Butandiga, U. 8. i. 34.
4+2 9 (M.C. Z. 31506-5111) Kirui, K. C. 1-6. 11. 34. Q@ (M. C. Z. 31517) Elgonyi, K. C. 4. ii. 34. 27°10 92 (M.C. Z. 31518-29) Kaimosi, K. C. 9-20. i. 34.
98 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
Native names. Limwani (Luragoli) ; sinamutali (Lutereki).
Coloration. This is a small grayish species with a buffy line separat- ing the dorsal coloring from the white of the belly.
Measurements. co. (Butandiga) 70. 55. 13. 10 mm., 2. (Sipi) 72. o4. 12. 10 mm.
Breeding. At Butandiga, on January 8, 1934, a female, measuring 62. 52. 15. 10 mm., held three fetuses, measuring 2. 41. 16. 8. and ear ? mm.
Enemies. At Kaimosi one of these pygmy mice was recovered from the stomach of an European Kestrel (Falco t. tinnunculus), two from House Snakes (Boaedon lineatus) and one from a tree viper (Atheris squamigera).
A Sipi male had no external trace of a right hind limb though within the apparently uninjured skin it was present to the knee; the condition would appear therefore to have been congenital rather than resulting from an attack. Despite this handicap the little animal was in good condition. Living must be particularly favourable for this species at Sipi, despite the great variety of larger rodents occurring there, for natives brought in twice the number preserved during the first week of my stay.
CRICETOMYS GAMBIANUS ELGONIS Thomas
Cricetomys gambianus elgonis Thomas, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 5, p. 198: South face of Mount Elgon at 10,000 feet, Kenya Colony.
2719 (M.C. Z. 32219-21) Sipi, U. 18-22. xii. 33.
19719 (M.C. Z. 32222-3) Kirui, K. C. 25. i. 34.
6 #29 (M.C. Z. 32212-8, 32224) Elgonyi, K. C. 28. i-8. ii. 34. 6049 (M.C. Z. 32225-32, 32261-2) Kaimosi, K.C. 14-21. ii. 34.
Distribution. I was also shown one at Kaburomi, 10,500 feet, in the alpine zone, which rat was said to have been killed locally. The fact that it was decomposed, however, raises the possibility that it had been brought up the mountain from Sipi.
Native names. Keraing (Kisabei) ; livunzi (Lugishu) ; evunge (Kitosh) ; unget (Kimasai); kikomt (Luragoli); shekome (Lutereki).
Measurements. o. (Kaimosi) 400. 440. 70. 46 mm., @. (Kirui) 380. 405. 67. 45 mm.
Breeding. At Kaimosi, on February 14, 1934, an embryo measur- ing 100. 35. 19. 12 mm., was preserved. The following day a native brought in two naked nestlings of which the male measured 115. 55. 22.10 mm.
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 99
Diet. The Bagishu aver that the giant rat only eats grass. I checked and rechecked this statement as it is in direct contradiction to what the Wakami told me respecting the race (C. g. osgoodz) inhabiting the Uluguru Mountains (cf. Allen & Loveridge, 1927, p. 486).
Parasites. Two species of orthopteran parasites (Hemiumerus han- sent & H. talpoides) were collected in their fur at Sipi, the former only at Kirui and Kaimosi. The rats were dirty at Sipi but in fine clean condition at Kaimosi despite the numerous Hemimerus.
Enemies. The bodies of these giant rats were esteemed a delicacy and greatly in demand by the Wasabei, Bagishu, Elgon Masai, and Watereki all of whom trap them with deadfalls as a regular thing. One frequently met witb the traps in the forest.
Folklore. The Maragoli say that when a male is killed all the females in the vicinity will die.
LOPHUROMYS AQUILUS AQuiLus (True)
Mus aquilus True, 1892, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 15, p. 460: Mount Kiliman- jaro, Tanganyika Territory.
Lophuromys rubecula Dollman, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 4, p. 551: Elgonyi, Mount Elgon, Kenya Colony.
16 (M. C. Z. 31447-62) Sipi, U. 12-13. xii. 33. v4 9 (M.C. Z. 31441-5) Butandiga, U. 8-18. i. 34. Q (M. C. Z. 31473) Goletatomi, K. C. 31. i. 34. 306 2 (M.C. Z. 31464-72) Kaimosi, K. C. 10-19. ii. 34.
Distribution. This harsh-furred mouse also occurs in the alpine zone at Kaburomi, 10,500 feet, where I rejected a damaged specimen. The species did not occur at Elgonyi where I was camped so that it appears probable that Kemp obtained the type of rubecula rather higher than my camp. I sent natives up a day’s march above Elgonyi and they secured one at a place they called Goletatomi, which is topotypic of rubecula.
Native names. Jamasiku (Kisabei); siku (Lugishu); chemasoget (Kimasai) ; lidulw (Luragoli); /iguve (Lutereki).
Coloration. The wide individual differences in intensity of coloring on the underside, as well as those due to season, nullify any attempt to break up this species into races on such grounds since intergrada- tion occurs between extreme types. The extremes in the case of the ventral surface are a pinkish buff on the one hand and a bright vina- ceous on the other.
We therefore concur with Hollister (1919, p. 110) that there are
100 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
insufficient grounds for considering rubecula of Mount Elgon as racially distinct from aquilus of Mount Kilimanjaro.
Measurements. o. (Kaimosi) 125. 75. 20. 16 mm., 2. (Kaimosi) 143. 75. 21. 18 mm.
Enemies. A mouse, apparently referable to this species, was found in the stomach of a nose-horned viper (Bztis nasicornis).
LOPHUROMYS SIKAPUSI ANSORGEI de Winton
Lophuromys ansorget de Winton, 1896, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, p. 607: Mum- ias, Kenya Colony.
& & (M.C. Z. 31446, 31463) Sipi, U. 12-13. xii. 33.
Discussion. Judging from the fact that only two of these mice were obtained at Sipi, it would appear that it is much less common there, or has a more restricted habitat, than L. a. aquilus. There can be little doubt that this is an eastern representative of L. sikapusi of the clearings and forest edges of West Africa. We are therefore regard- ing its status as that of a subspecies.
Coloration. As compared with L. a. aquilus, the pelage of ansorget is of more even coloring, a paler olive brown and lacking the minute ticking while the belly is of a clearer chestnut tint.
Measurement. oc’. 101. 54. 20. 16 mm.
SACCOSTOMUS CRICETULUS sp. nov.
Type. Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, No. 31, 475. A subadult male, skin and skull, from the south bank of Greeki River, Sabei district, due north of Mount Elgon, Uganda, collected by Arthur Loveridge, December 5, 1933.
Description. In color this is a much darker gray than neighboring members of the genus, with almost none of the buffy tints of back and sides. Dorsal surface of the body from the muzzle to the root of the tail, a uniform “deep mouse gray” to “dusky drab” of Ridgway, becoming faintly tinged along the sides and cheeks with “ pale ochra- ceous buff.’ The individual hairs of the back are of a “deep neutral gray” basally, this color gradually passing into a narrow subter- minal band of very pale buffy (under a lens appearing soiled whitish), succeeded by a black tip. The ears on both inner and outer surfaces are a uniform dark blackish brown, slightly contrasting with the surrounding dark gray of the head, and conspicuously edged with clear white. Dorsal surface of the tail like the back, becoming slightly paler below with the admixture of short whitish hairs among the
ALLEN AND LAWRENCE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 101
black. Backs of the hands and feet white as far as the wrists and ankles. Below, the hair of the chin is whitish to the roots; elsewhere that of the entire under surface of the body, and of the legs to the wrists and ankles is “deep neutral gray” at base, tipped with whitish, the gray bases everywhere showing through conspicuously, giving an effect of dark grayish tinted with bluish.
The skull does not differ noticeably from that of Saccostomus isiolae Heller, its eastern neighbor of the dry Guaso Nyiro country. The nasals equal or minutely exceed the posterior extension of the pre- maxillae as in the latter, and in the coastal mearnsi Heller (type from Changamwe, Kenya Colony), instead of conspicuously exceeding them as in wmbriventer Miller of the Sotik region to the southward. Of these closely related forms, the molar teeth are gmallest and the molar rows nearly parallel in the last-named but in the others and in cricetulus the teeth are slightly heavier, while the divergence of the rows is most noticeable in the new animal. The supraorbital ridges are most prominent in wmbriventer, less so in the others. The posterior palatal pits are of about the same size in all, except that in the type specimen of mearnsi they are unusually large.
Measurements. In external measurements this pouched mouse does not apparently differ from the neighboring forms. The collec- tor’s measurements are as follows, those of the male type (No. 31475) preceding those of the female paratype (No. 31474):— head and body, 133, 133 mm.; tail, 50, 55 mm.; hind foot, 20, 22 mm.; ear 20, 21 mm.
The skull of the type and that of the paratype are slightly damaged at the posterior end, but that of the former shows the following: — greatest length, 30 mm.; palatal length, 18.7; zygomatic width, 16.6; width of brain case above squamosal roots, 13.7; interorbital width, 4.5; length of nasals, 13.0; upper molar row, 6.7; width across molar rows anteriorly, 7.7; same posteriorly, 6.5; lower molar row, 6.6.
Remarks. The trapping of these two specimens extends the known range of the genus slightly to the northwestward. In their uniformly dark gray coloring and conspicuous white edges of the ears they differ strikingly from the neighboring forms of the genus, while the shortened tail and white feet further combine to give them a close external likeness to the larger Asiatic species of Cricetulus, which has suggested the specific name. They were captured in the usual type of habitat for the genus, namely open grass- and bush-covered country, and in this case near the banks of a river.
Through the kindness of Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., and Dr. Reming-
102 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
ton Kellogg, of the U. S. National Museum, we have had for com- parison the type and a topotype of the form mearnsi Heller and most of the original series of wmbriventer Miller, which, with a series of topotypical isiolae Heller from Guaso Nyiro country, have served as a basis for comparison. These three were described as separate species, but externally are all practically identical and are without doubt very closely related. In cranial characters, however, wmbriventer (which seems to be hardly, if any, darker underneath than the two others) is perhaps distinguishable on the basis of its slightly weaker molar teeth and the nearly parallel alignment of the molar rows, as well as by the relatively longer nasals, exceeding the premaxillaries posteriorly, and the narrower interorbital space with somewhat more prominent supraorbital ridges. These characters are at best of no more than subspecific value, and all three, if recognizable at all, are subspecifically related. Hollister (1919, p. 114) in reviewing the East African forms has already suggested this, but did not attempt to say of what species they should be considered races.
The South African S. mashonae is said to be at once distinguishable by the well-developed antero-external cusp of the second upper molar, which in these more northern forms is extremely small; moreover, S. campestris, of which these might be thought races, is at once dis- tinguished by the pure white belly, the hairs without dark bases. In the absence of specimens from intermediate localities, it seems best at present to regard the Kenya Colony Saccostomus as a separate species (mcarnsi) of three described races, while the form here named is so different in its coloration, that its subspecific relation to them is doubtful, and we have provisionally given it specific rank.
ACOMYS IGNITUS IGNITUS Dollman
Acomys ignitus Dollman, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 6, p. 229; Voi, Kenya Colony.
oo o& (M. C. Z. 32107-8) Tsavo, K. C. 31. ii. & 4. iv. 34. o 2 (M. C. Z. 32106, 32110) Voi, K. C. 7. iv. 34. 3 (M. C. Z. 32109)